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(ARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE 
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QUARTERMASTER  AND 
ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  SUPPLY 
SERVICE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


BY  INSTRUCTORS 

OF    THE 

ARMY  SUPPLY  SERVICE  COURSE 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
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COPYRIGHT  1917  BY 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 


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Published  September  1917 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago.  Illinois,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

On  May  5, 1917,  the  Storage  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  requested  the  School  of  Commerce  and  Administration  of 
the  University  of  Chicago  to  offer  a  course  in  army  supply  work. 
This  request  was  later  supported  by  the  Ordnance  Department  and 
the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

The  course  was  organized  and  has  just  been  given  for  the  third 
time.  The  numbers  taking  it  and  the  frequency  of  requests  for  an 
outline  of  its  subject-matter  have  seemed  to  justify  putting  this 
subject-matter  into  accessible  form. 

An  appropriate  title  for  the  book  would  have  been  "  Army  Supply 
Work."  Although  the  work  of  only  two  army  bureaus  is  considereyd 
in  extended  form,  the  principles  developed  are  applicable  to  the 
supply  work  of  other  departments.  Not  all  phases  of  this  supply 
work  have  been  treated.  Manufacturing  operations,  the  work  of 
constructing  quartermasters,  and  the  work  of  paymasters  are  some  of 
the  outstanding  exclusions. 

Numerous  changes  are  now  being  made  in  the  details  of  our 
army  supply  work,  but  no  great  modifications  seem  likely  to  occur  in 
its  fundamental  principles.  In  view  of  this  situation  and  also  in  view 
of  the  existence  of  various  books  and  manuals  concerning  themselves 
with  details,  it  has  seemed  that  this  book  would  render  its  best 
service  by  presenting  the  general  outline  or  basic  principles  of  supply 
work,  with  only  such  use  of  details  as  would  be  helpful  in  showing 
how  the  principles  are  applied.  Anyone  who  has  mastered  the  prin- 
ciples concerned  will  not  find  himself  at  a  loss  when  changes  are 
ordered  in  technical  details. 

Adequate  acknowledgment  cannot  be  made  of  the  cordial  co- 
operation which  has  been  received  from  every  side.  Worthy  of 
particular  mention  are:  the  long  periods  of  overtime  work  by  an 
already  heavily  burdened  office  force  and  library  staff,  the  material 
furnished  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  School  connected  with  the 
Philadelphia  Depot,  and  the  contributions  of  the  instructing  staff. 

3G4lf8i 


viii  PREFACE 

N.  W.  Barnes,  H.  A.  Blankenship,  R.  I.  Blatter,  L.  Cohen,  H.  R. 
English,  G.  E.  Frazer,  V.  E.  Gutwillig,  J.  O.  McKinsey,  R.  Reticker, 
W.  H.  Spencer,  J.  Viner,  T.  M.  White,  and  D.  S.  Whittlesey  have 
assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  material.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  find  a  group  more  unselfishly  devoted  to  the  service  of  our 
government  in  its  present  emergency. 

L.  C.  MARSHALL 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO 
September  10,  1917 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.  Some  Phases  of  the  Military  Organization  of  the  United 

States i 

A.  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  THE  WAR  DEPARTMENT    .....         i 

1.  The  President 

2.  The  Secretary  of  War  and  His  Department 

B.  ARMY  ORGANIZATION  IN  TERMS  OF  TERRITORY  .         ...        7 

1.  The  Service  of  the  Interior 8 

•    a)  The   Functions  and   Organization  of  the  Territorial 

Department 

b)  Matters  Outside  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Territorial 
Department 

2.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations     .      .      .-.'-..      .       12 

a)  The  Functions  and  Organization  of  the  Zone  of  the 
Line  of  Communications 

b)  The  Functions  and  Organization  of  the  Zone  of  the 
Advance 

C.  ARMY  ORGANIZATION  IN  TERMS  OF  LINE  AND  STAFF    ...       16 

1.  The  Theory  of  Line  and  Staff  Organization        ....       16 

2.  Army  Line  Organization 19 

a)  The  Traditional  Position  of  the  "Line" 

6)  Line  Organization  as  Illustrated  by  the  Division 

3.  The  Organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the 

Ordnance  Department  .  23 

a)  The  Quartermaster  Corps 

i.  The  Service  of  the  Interior 
ii.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations 

b)  The  Ordnance  Department 

i.  The  Service  of  the  Interior 
ii.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations 

II.  The  Supply  Service  of  the  Modern  Army 33 

A.  SUPPLY  IN  RELATION  TO  MILITARY  OPERATIONS    ....       33 

1.  The  Significance  of  Supply  and  Its  Relation  to  Strategy 

2.  Supply  and  the  Service  of  Information 


x  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

3.  Supply  and  the  Service  of  Security 

4.  Supply  and  the  Conduct  of  Marches 

5.  Supply  and  Shelter 

6.  Supply  and  Combat 

B.  SOME  ASPECTS  OF  SUPPLY  WORK 41 

1.  Some  Outstanding  Functions  of  Supply 42 

a)  Securing  Funds 

b)  Procurement 

c)  Assemble  and  Storage 

d)  Transmission 

i.  Army  Transport  Service 

ii.  Rail  Transport 
iii.  Motor  Transport 
iv.  Wagon  Transport 

v.  Pack  Transport 

e)  Issue 
/)  Control 

2.  The  Organization  of  Transmission  in  the  Theater  of  Opera- 
tions  52 

3.  The  British  Organization  of  Supply 56 

4.  Quartermaster  Supplies  and  Their  Flow        .....       60 

5.  Railway  Transportation   Services  of  the  Quartermaster 

Corps 68 

6.  Ordnance  Supplies  and  Their  Flow 75 

III.  Responsibility  and  Accountability 81 

A.  BACKGROUND  CONSIDERATIONS 81 

1.  The  Army  Point  of  View 

2.  The  Initiatory  Phases  of  Money  Accountability 

3.  Some  Basic  Practices  in  Property  Control 

4.  What  Army  Paperwork  Is 

B.  PAPERWORK  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  CORPS 90 

i.  Apportionments  and  Allotments 90 

a)  Division  of  Authorization 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization 

i.  Money  (leading  to  the  subject  of  Money  Account- 
ability) 

ii.  Requisitions   (leading  to  the  subject  of  Property 
Accountability) 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xi 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

2.  Money  Accountability 94 

a)  General  Provisions 

b)  The  Cash  Book,  the  Cash  Blotter,  and  the  Cash  Sales 
Book 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers 

3.  Property  Accountability 98 

a)  Property  Returns — Accounts  and  Supporting  Vouchers 

b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations 

i.  The  Depot  in  the  Service  of  the  Interior 

ii.  The  Post 

iii.  The  Regiment 

iv.  The  Company 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operations 

C.  PAPERWORK  OF  THE  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT  .      .     .     .     .     105 

1.  Apportionments  and  Allotments 106 

a)  Division  of  Authorization 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization 

2.  Money  Accountability 109 

a)  General  Provisions 

b)  The  Cash  Book  and  the  Cash  Blotter 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers 

3.  Property  Accountability no 

a)  Property  Returns — Accounts  and  Supporting  Vouchers 

b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations 

i.  The  Arsenal 

ii.  The  Post 
iii.  The  Regiment 
iv.  The  Company 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operations 
vi.  The  Divisional  Depot 

IV.  Purchasing  Policies  and  Practices 118 

A.  THE  PURCHASING  FUNCTION  AND  PURCHASING  POLICIES  .     .     118 

1.  Purchasing  in  Business 

2.  Government  Purchasing 

B.  PURCHASING  PRACTICES  WITH  PARTICULAR  REFERENCE  TO 

ARMY  WORK 118 

i.  Formal  Contracts 

a)  Definition  and  Use 

b)  Formation 


xii  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

i.  Preparation  of  Specifications 
ii.  Securing  Bids  and  Prices 
iii.  Award 

iv.  Execution  of  Documents 
c)  Disposition  of  Papers  and  Reports 

2.  Informal  Contracts,  or  Proposal  and  Acceptance  Agree- 
ments 

a)  Definition  and  Use 

b)  Formation 

c)  Disposition  of  Papers  and  Reports 

3.  Open-Market  Purchases 

a)  Nature  and  Use 

b)  Formation 

c)  Reports 

C.  LABORATORY  SET,  QUARTERMASTER  CORPS 130 

1.  The  Formal  Contract 

2.  The  Informal  Contract 

3.  The  Open-Market  Purchase 

4.  Purchasing  in  Relation  to  Financial  and  Property  Accounts 

D.  LABORATORY  SET,  ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT 136 

1.  The  Formal  Contract 

2.  The  Informal  Contract 

3.  The  Open-Market  Purchase 

4.  Purchasing  in  Relation  to  Financial  and  Property  Accounts 

V.  Stores  and  Stowing 141 

A.  THE  STORESKEEPING  FUNCTION 142 

B.  STOREROOM  PROCEDURE 145 

1 .  Prerequisites  of  a  Proper  Stores  System 

a)  Determination  of  Maxima  and  Minima 

b)  Location  and  Arrangement  of  the  Storeroom 

c)  Development  of  Classification  and  Symbolization 

2.  The  Routine  Work  of  the  Stores  Department 

a)  Receiving 

b)  Stowing 

c)  Issuing 

3.  Accounting  for  Stores 

a)  Balance  of  Stores 

b)  Perpetual  Inventory 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  xiii 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

VI.  Miscellaneous  Military  Information  Necessary  for  Supply 

Men       ................     i57 

A.  MILITARY  COURTESY  AND  DEPORTMENT      ./....     157 

B.  MILITARY  CORRESPONDENCE  AND  ORDERS   .     .  .....     161 

1.  Correspondence 

2.  Orders 

a)  General  Rules 

1    b)  Letters  of  Instruction 

c)  Routine  Orders 

d)  Field  Orders 

C.  MILITARY  LAW       .............     169 

1.  General  Considerations 

a)  Kinds  of  Military  Jurisdiction 

b)  Military  Tribunals 

c}  Persons  Subject  to  Military  Law 

2.  Organization  of  Courts-Martial 

3.  Jurisdiction    of    Courts-Martial  —  General,    Special,    and 
Summary 

4.  Procedure  in  Courts-Martial 

a)  Procedure  Prior  to  Trial 

b)  Procedure  during  Trial 

c)  Limitations  on  the  Power  of  Punishment 

d)  Action  by  the  Constituting  Authority 

5.  Offenses  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  Military  Tribunals 

a)  Offenses  in  Connection  with  Enlistment,  Muster,  and 
Returns 

b)  Offenses  of  Desertion  and  Absence  without  Leave 

c)  Offenses  of  Disrespect,  Insubordination,  and  Mutiny 

d)  War  Offenses 

e)  Miscellaneous  Offenses 


D.  CIVILIAN  EMPLOYEES 
>    i.  General  Considerations 
\      a)  Policy  of  Engaging  Civilian  Employees 
b)  Methods  of  Securing  Civilian  Employees 
c}  Organization  of  the  Civil  Service  Department 
2.  Services  Secured  under  Civil  Service  Regulations 

a)  Classified  Services 

b)  Unclassified  Services 


xiv  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

3.  Services  Excepted  from  the  Operation  of  the  Civil  Service 
Rules 

a)  General  Exceptions 

b)  Special  Exceptions 

Appendix — Forms  ...  181 


CHAPTER  I 

SOME  PHASES  OF  THE  MILITARY  ORGANIZATION 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

A.  The  President  and  the  War  Department 

B.  Army  Organization  in  Terms  of  Territory 

C.  Army  Organization  in  Terms  of  Line  and  Staff 


Our  study,  as  a  whole,  concerns  itself  with  the  problems  of  supply- 
ing a  modern  army,  assuming  that  the  manufacture  of  the  supplies  has 
already  occurred.  The  statement  of  the  task  indicates  the  order  of 
treatment  of  the  subject.  The  procurement  of  supplies,  their  physical 
handling  and  transfer,  their  issue,  the  systems  of  paper  control  (forms) 
used  in  these  operations,  are  all  dictated  by  army  needs  and  are  all 
accomplished  in  terms  of  army  organization.  The  broad  under- 
standing of  supply  services,  so  essential  to  efficiency  and  wisely 
directed  initiative  in  detailed  transactions  and  operations,  can  come 
about  only  through  an  appreciation  of  the  organization  in  which  and 
through  which  the  supply  services  are  worked  out.  This  means  that 
we  shall  need  to  study  certain  phases  of  the  military  organization  of  the 
United  States. 

A.  The  President  and  the  War  Department. 

1.  The  President. 

2.  The  Secretary  of  War  and  His  Department. 

The  center  of  our  army  organization  is  of  course  to  be  found 
in  Washington.  Constitutional  provisions,  legislative  enactments, 
administrative  rulings  and  precedents  furnish  the  authority  and 
guidance  for  the  actions  of  the  federal  officials  concerned.  With  the 
details  of  all  this  we  are  not  concerned.  Our  purpose  will  have  been 
accomplished  when  we  secure  an  elementary  understanding  of  the 
war  powers  and  duties  of  the  main  divisions  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment and  then,  more  particularly,  a  view  of  the  scheme  of  organization 
by  which  the  War  Department  carries  out  its  supervision  of  supply 


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and  other  military  operations.     Below   is   a  skeleton  organization 
chart  of  the  more  significant  elements  of  the  situation. 

— Panama  Canal 

— Insular  Affairs 

— Militia  Bureau 

— Signal  Corps 

— Ordnance  Department 

— Corps  of  Engineers 

— Medical  Department 

— Quartermaster  Corps 

— Judge  Advocate  General's  Department 

—Inspector  General's  Department 

— Adjutant  General's  Department 

—General  Staff  Corps 

READINGS 

Fairlie,  J.  A.:  The  National  Administration  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
pp.  32-38  deal  with  the  military  power  of  the  President;  pp.  135-40, 
with  the  army  organization  in  the  past;  pp.  140-48,  with  the  bureau 
organization  of  the  War  Department.  It  should  be  noted  that  this 
work  was  published  in  1905  and  that  numerous  changes  have  occurred 
since  that  time. 

McLaughlin  and  Hart:  Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  HI,  p.  648, 
"War  Powers  of  the  President."  A  brief  and  recent  statement  of 
the  legal  aspects  of  the  case. 

Finley  and  Sanderson:  The  American  Executive  and  Executive  Methods, 
chap,  xviii.  A  lengthier  exposition  of  the  war  powers  of  the  President. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Regulations  for  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  1913, 
Corrected  to  April  15,  1917  (abbreviated  A.R.};  §§752-73,  General 
Staff  Corps;  §  774,  Adjutant  General's  Department;  §§  878-914, 
Inspector  General's  Department;  §  915,  Judge  Advocate  General's 
Department;  §§  1000-9!,  Quartermaster  Corps;  §§  1386-87,  Medical 
Corps;  §§  1493-1510,  Corps  of  Engineers;  §§  1511-12!,  Ordnance 
Department;  §§1556-68,  SignaLCorps. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Manual  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  United  States 
Army  (abbreviated  Q.M.C.M.),  §§  1-38. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  The  Organization  and  Adminis- 
tration of  the  War  Department  Adapted  to  a  Change  from  Peace  Con- 
ditions to  a  State  of  War,  entire. 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES       3 

Lawton,  McArthur,  and  Dempsey:  Field  Quartermaster's  Handbook, 
pp.  1-14.  A  partial  restatement  of  the  material  in  -A.R.  and  in 
Q.M.C.M. 

Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:  Officers'  Manual,  6th  ed.,  §§  157-202.  A  summary 
statement  of  the  organization  of  the  War  Department. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Compilation  of  General  Orders,  Circulars  and 
Bulletins,  1881-1915,  §§  168-70,  dealing  with  the  General  Staff  Corps. 

Carter,  Maj.  Gen.  W.  H.:  "Can  the  General  Staff  Corps  Fulfill  Its  Mis- 
sion?" Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institution,  May-June,  1916. 
Digested  in  the  International  Military  Digest  Annual  for  1916, 
pp.  587-88.  A  critical  discussion  of  the  General  Staff  Corps. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  State  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  President  with  respect  to 
war,  as  laid  down  by  the  Constitution. 

2.  State  the  power  and  duties  of  Congress  with  respect  to  war. 

3.  Does  the  President  have  any  connection  with  the  declaration 
of  war  ?  with  the  establishment  of  terms  of  peace  ? 

4.'  "The  conduct  of  war  is  vested  in  the  President  in  the  fullest 
extent  save  as  qualified  by  the  legislative  powers  vested  in  Congress 
and  by  the  laws  of  war."  What  purpose  lies  back  of  these  restric- 
tions ? 

5.  "In  war  time  the  President  is  likely  to  assume  all  the  powers 
which  the  emergency  requires."     Why?     Can  he  do  this  to  the 
extent  of  exceeding  his  constitutional  powers  ? 

6.  "'Congress  is  given  power  to  make  'rules  for  the  government 
and  regulation  of > the  land  and  naval  forces.'    The  Constitution  also 
provides  that  'the  President  shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States 
when  called  into  actual  service  of  the  United  States.'"     How  can 
these  provisions  be  reconciled  ? 

7.  "  Acts  performed  by  the  President  in  the  exercise  of  his  military 
command  are  not  reviewable  by  other  branches  of  the  government." 
Is  this  wise  ? 

8.  Just  how  does  an  understanding  of  the  powers  and  duties  of  the 
President  aid  a  supply  officer  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  ? 

9.  What  philosophy  lies  back  of  the  scheme  of  having  a  civilian 
secretary  at  the  head  of  the  War  Department? 

10.  What  procedure  is  open  if  the  Secretary  of  War  cannot  agree 
with  the  President  on  some  fundamental  issue?     Does  your  answer 
concerning  the  facts  of  the  case  coincide  with  ,you*  opinion  of  what 
should  be  the  case  ? 


4  QUARTERMASTER  AND   ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

11.  " Badly    managed,    the-  civilian    secretaryship    scheme    can 
readily  result  in  inefficiency."     What  safeguards  exist  against  this 
result  ? 

12.  "Since  1789  the  average  term  of  service  of  the  secretaries  of 
war  has  been  less  than  two  and  one-half  years."     What  consequences 
flow  from  this  fact  ? 

13.  Are  we  to  think  of  the  personnel  of  the  War  Department  as 
rapidly  changing  or  as  reasonably  permanent  ?     What  difference  does 
it  make  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  organization  of  the  supply 
services  ? 

14.  What  advantages  flow  from  having  a  Chief  of  Staff  ? 

15.  How  is  the  Chief  of  Staff  appointed?     Suppose  he  cannot 
agree  with  the  President  and  the  Secretary  of  War  on  some  issue  of 
fundamental  importance,  what  procedure  is  open  to  him  ? 

16.  Does  a  new  President  mean  a  new  Chief  of  Staff?     Does  a 
new  Secretary  of  War  mean  a  new  Chief  of  Staff?     Irrespective  of 
the  facts,  what  ought  to  be  the  case  ? 

17.  Who  is  really  the  head  of  the  Army — the  President,  the 
Secretary  of  War,  the  Chief  of  Staff,  or  the  General  in  Chief  (if  one 
exists  aside  from  the  President)  ? 

18.  "The  title  of  Commanding  General  has  disappeared."  '  What 
has  replaced  it  ? 

19.  An  army  in  the  field  will  have  a  Chief  of  Staff.     What  relation 
will  he  bear  to  the  Chief  of  Staff  at  Washington  ? 

*     20.  Be  able  to  enumerate  the  sub-departments  (bureaus)  of  the 
War  Department  which  have  a  bearing  on  our  present  study. 

21.  "The  General  Staff  Corps  is  the  connecting  link  between  the 
Secretary  of  War  and  the  Army."    Does  this  adequately  characterize 
the  situation  ? 

22.  Distinguish  between  the  General  Staff  serving  with  troops  and 
the  War  Department  General  Staff. 

23.  "The  War  Department  General  Staff  will  be  arranged  in 
sections."     Enumerate  some  appropriate  functions  for  such  sections. 

24.  "The  law  establishes  the  General  Staff  Corps  as  a  separate 
and  distinct  staff  organization,  the  chief  of  which  has  supervision, 
under  superior  authority,  over  all  branches  of  the  military  services, 
line  and  staff,  except  such  as  are  exempted  therefrom  by  law  or 
regulations."     What  is  the  significance  of  the  expression  "line  and 
staff"? 

25.  "The  organization  of  the  Genera)  Staff  Corps  in  1903  marks 
a  great  step  forward  in  efficient  army  organization."     Why  or  why 
not? 

26.  Does  the  General  Staff  affect  legislation  or  is  its  influence  con- 
fined to  administration  ? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES       5 

27.  "The  tour  of  duty  of  a  staff  officer  of  a  regiment  is  limited  to 
four  years."    What  is  a  atour  of  duty"  ?    What  is  the  point  of  the 
four-year  limit  ? 

28.  The  Quartermaster  Corps  desires  to  increase  its  allotment  of 
men.     Will  the  General  Staff  have  any  contact  with  the  problems  at 
issue  ?     What  are  some  of  the  problems  at  issue  ? 

29.  State  in  terms  of  the  philosophy  of  the  organization  (not  in 
terms  of  details)  the  position  of  the  General  Staff  Corps.     Is  such  an 
organization  more  or  less  significant  now  than  it  would  have  been 
one  hundred  years  ago  ? 

30.  "To  adjust  and  perfect  the  subtle  and  intricate  machinery 
by  which  great  masses  of  soldiers  are  to  be  fed,  clothed,  armed,  moved, 
inspired  with  confidence,  and  carried  through  victorious  battle  is,  after  all, 
wrapped  up  in  the  perfection  of  staff  organization."    The  popular 
mind  certainly  does  not  think  in  these  terms.     Why  ? 

31.  Suppose  troops  are  being  transported  to  Europe,  convoyed 
by  the  Navy.     Does  the  Army  or  the  Navy  control  the  transportation 
of  these  troops  ?     Are  the  soldiers,  during  transit,  under  the  authority 
of  the  Army  or  of  the  Navy  ? 

32.  Is  the  1\larine  Corps  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Army  or 
of  the  Navy  ? 

33.  What  should  you  guess  was  the  relation  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  to 
the  decision  to  send  troops  to  France  ?     What  was  the  relation  of  the 
General  Staff  Corps  to  the  assembling  and  transporting  of  the  troops  ? 

34.  Is  the  personnel  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  identical  with,  or 
distinct  from,  that  of  such  bureaus  as  the  Ordnance  Department, 
the  Quartermaster  Corps,  etc.  ? 

35.  What  do  you  understand  to  be  the  main  function  of  the 
Adjutant  General's  Department  ? 

36.  Clearly    the    Inspector    General's    Department    deals    with 
inquiry  and  inspection.     How  far  do  its  duties  extend  ? 

37.  Do  the  Inspector  General's  representatives  have  power   to 
order  alterations  or  merely  to  make  recommendations  ? 

38.  Do   inspectors   general  have  the  authority  to  inquire   into 
actions  of  disbursing  officers  ? 

39.  Were  the  physicians  who  examined  you  at  the  time  of  your 
enlistment  under  the  direction  of  the  Medical  Department  or  that  of 
the  Adjutant  General  ? 

40.  Regulations  are  so  and  so  with  respect  to  physical  require- 
ments.    You  have  a  slight  physical  defect.     Could  this  be  waived  by 
the  Judge  Advocate  General,  the  Adjutant  General,  or  the  Surgeon 
General  ? 

41.  "Medical    Department   enlisted    personnel    isx  classified   as 
follows:     (a)    that   portion   attached    to    combatant   organizations; 


6  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

(b)  that  portion  assigned  to  units  of  the  divisional  sanitary  train  and 
to  administrative  offices  in  the  field;  (c)  that  portion  assigned  to" the 
service  of  the  interior  for  service  in  war."  State  some  of  the  duties 
falling  to  members  of  each  division. 

42.  Farriers  are  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps.     Do  veterinarians 
belong  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps  or  in  the  Medical  Corps  ? 

43.  The   trenches  are   sometimes  almost   lined   with   telephone 
wires.     What   branch    of   the   service    constructs    these    means   of 
communication?    What  branch  operates  them? 

44.  Occasion  arises  to  look  up  the  service  record  of  Captain  John 
Smith,  deceased,  of  the  Ordnance  Department.     Where  can   this 
record  be  found  ? 

45.  Richard   Roe   receives  a  commission  in  the  Quartermaster 
Corps.     What  bureau  prepared  this  commission  and  sent  it  out  ? 

46.  Who  could  tell  you,  as  a  matter  of  final  authority,  whether  a 
given  person  has  a  right  to  wear  the  uniform  of  the  Army  ? 

47.  List  the  main  functions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

x   48.  The  Quartermaster  Corps  is  the  greatest  supply  department. 
What  obligations  has  it  to  supply  the  Signal  Corps  ? 

49.  The  German  organization  had  a  quartermaster  as  chief  of 
staff  for  Hindenburg  and  a  quartermaster  as  minister  of  war.     What 
is  the  significance  of  these  facts  ? 

50.  Name  as  many  points  of  contact  as  you  can  between  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Medical  Department. 

51.  Contrast   the  duties  of   the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the 
Corps  of  Engineers  with  respect  to  the  construction  of  roads,  rail- 
ways, bridges,  storehouses,  etc. 

52.  As  a  division  marches,  it  may  extend  over  twenty-five  miles 
of  road.     How  is  communication  maintained  between  the  various 
elements  ?    Precisely  what  concern  has  a  quartermaster  or  "ordnance 
man  with  this  question  ? 

53.  "  The  duties  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  comprise  reconnoitering 
and  surveying  for  military  purposes."     Does  this  mean   that  all 
reconnaissances  are  under  the  direction  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  ? 
What  does  it  mean  ? 

54.  Inspections  are  classified  as  follows :  (a)  annual  tactical  inspec- 
tions of  troops  of  the  mobile  army  by  department  and  brigade  com- 
manders;   (b)   annual  garrison  inspections;    (c)   inspection   of    the 
National  Guard;    (d)  special  and  miscellaneous  inspections.     Cite 
at  least  one  duty  performed  in  each  case. 

55.  Do  you  understand  that  there  are  special  persons  who  serve  as 
inspectors  or  inspectors  general  or  do  you  understand  that,  when  an 
inspection  is  to  occur,  some  available  officer  is  designated  to  make  the 
inspection  ? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES       7 

-A 

s  56.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  Ordnance  Department?  What 
are  the  organizations  which  the  Ordnance  Department  has  developed 
in  order  to  carry  out  these  duties  ? 

57.  What  is  the  relation  existing  between  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the 
Chief  of  Ordnance  ? 

58.  Where  are  the  lines  of  demarcation  between  ordnance  men 
of  the  Ordnance  Department  and  ordnance  men  of  the  line  ? 

59.  Enumerate  the  duties  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General.     Are 
there  any  points  of  contact  between  this  bureau  and  the  Ordnance 
Department  or  the  Quartermaster  Corps  ? 

60.  Name  a  point  at  which  the  Inspector  General's  Department 
comes  into  contact  with  the  Quartermaster  Corps;   with  the  Ord- 
nance Department;  with  the  Militia;  with  the  Adjutant  General's 
Department. 

v.  61.  Can  you  detect  any  general  principle  which  seems  to  govern 
supplying  the  specialized  services  such  as  the  Medical  Corps  and 
the  Signal  Corps  ?  Does  the  general  principle  seem  to  you  sound  ? 

62.  Modern  warfare  emphasizes  strongly  intelligence  work.     Who 
is  responsible  for  securing  information  concerning  possible  enemies  in 
time  of  peace  ? 

63.  You  see  in  the  papers  that  contracts  have  been  made  with  such 
and  such  a  firm  to  erect  buildings  at  some  cantonment.     Is  it  not  the 
duty  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  to  erect  such  buildings  ? 

64.  "  Quartermaster   sergeants  will  be.   made   to   alternate   fre- 
quently from  one  division  of  the  office  to  another,  so  that  when  the 
service  of  one  of  the  non-commissioned  officers  is  required  it  will 
be  unnecessary  to  inquire  whether  he  was  formerly  engaged  in  com- 
missary work  or  in  transportation  work."    Is  tfyis  scheme  practicable  ? 
On  what  principle  do  you  base  your  answer  ? 

65.  "The  really  efficient  quartermaster  of  the  future  will  be  an 
expert  man  of  business  as  well  as  versed  in  war,  a  man  knowing 
sources  of  supply,  best  and  quickest  methods,  as  well  as  the  diversifica- 
tions of  modern  business."     Is  this  true?     Can  one  man  possess 
all  this  information  ? 

B.  Army  Organization  in  Terms  of  Territory. 

1.  The  Service  of  the  Interior. 

2.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations. 

Inasmuch  as  army  administration  is  largely  organized  on  a  terri- 
torial or  geographical  basis,  army  organization  in  terms  of  territory 
is  our  second  large  topic.  Unfortunately,  full  discussion  of  this 
topic  involves  a  fairly  detailed  knowledge  of  most  of  the  matters 


8 


QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


presented  in  this  book.     At  this  stage  of  our  study  we  shall  have 
to  be  content  with  broad  outlines  and  half-truths. 

The  following  diagram  shows  the  main  outlines  of  the  territorial 
organization.  The  part  above  the  dotted  line  is  in  terms  of  personnel, 
the  part  below  that  line  is  in  terms  of  geographical  area. 

I 
THE  PRESIDI  \r 

I 

TDK  SECRETARY  <>F  \\  \K 

Tin:  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 

I 


The  Commanders 
of  the  Territori- 
al Departments 


The  persons  in  charge 
of  matters  outside 
the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Department 
Commanders 


The  Service  of  The  Interior 


<-The  Commander  of  the  field  forces-> 


The  Commander  of 
the  Line  of  Com-  i 
munications 

The  Zone  of  the  Line 

of       Communica-  i  The  Zone  of  the 
tions  Advance 

The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Opera- 
tions 


I 


i.  THE  SERVICE  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

0)  The  Functions  and  Organization  of  the  Territorial  Department, 
b]  Matters  Outside,  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Territorial  Department. 

Descriptively  speaking,  the  home  or  interior  region  contains  a 
complex  of  arsenals,  depots,  camps,  forts,  hospitals,  troops,  etc., 
which  must  be  welded  into  some  form  of  organization.  This  organi- 
zation should  be  one  which  efficiently  conducts  Routine  administration 
in  time  of  peace  and  is  yet  susceptible  of  ready  enlargement  and 
smooth  action  in  time  of  war  when  it  becomes  necessary  for  "the 
service  of  the  interior  to  supply  the  commander  of  the  field  forces 
with  the  means  necessary  for  the  accomplishment  of  his  mission." 

"The  service  of  the  interior  functions  both  in  peace  and  in  war," 
and  the  responsible  heads  are  "(a)  department  commanders  and 
(b)  bureau  chiefs,  having  for  this  purpose  general  depots  of  supply, 
general  hospitals,  arsenals,  etc.,  and  (c)  in  certain  instances,  com- 
manders of  concentration  camps  and  of  ports  of  embarkation." 
These  statements  from  the  Field  Service  Regulations  tell  most  of  the 
story.  It  may  be  put  in  other  terms:  the  home  territory  is  divided 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES       9 

into  territorial  departments  and  the  Department  Commander  com- 
mands all  the  military  forces  of  the  government,  both  line  and  staff, 
within  the  limits  of  that  territorial  department,  save  as  exempted  by 
the  Secretary  of  War. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  nine  territorial  departments.  Three 
lie  outside  the  territory  of  the  parent  country,  viz.,  the  Philippine 
Department,  the  Hawaiian  Department,  and  the  Panama  Canal  Zone. 
Six  lie  in  continental  United  States.  The  Eastern  Department  has 
its  headquarters  at  Governor's  Island,  New  York  harbor;  the  North- 
eastern Department  has  its  headquarters  at  Boston,  Massachusetts; 
the  Central  Department  has  its  headquarters  at  Chicago,  Illinois;  the 
Southeastern  Department  has  its  headquarters  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina;  the  Southern  Department  has  its  headquarters  at  Fort 
Sam  Houston,  Texas;  the  Western  Department  has  its  headquarters  - 
at  San  Francisco,  California. 

A  chart  which  attempted  to  show  all  lines  of  authority  and  all 
interrelationships  of  the  service  of  the  interior  would  be  exceedingly 
complex.  The  following  chart  shows  only  the  simpler  facts  of  the 
organization.  , 

THE  PRESIDENT 

i 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

i 

THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 


Bureau  Chiefs 


A 


no 


Commander  of  a  Terri- 
torial Department 


TT.- 
s 


e&a  i 


Territorial 
f  S1    Department 


Staff 


Division 
Staff 


Commanding  officers  of  posts 


Functionaries  operating 
within  the  territorial 
limits  of  the  depart- 
ment, but  exempted 
from  the  control  of 
the  Department  Com- 
mander 


. 

~  Commanding  officers  of  sub-posts 

READINGS 

U.S.  War  Department:  Field  Service  Regulations,  United  States  Army,  1914 
(abbreviated  F.S.R.),  §§  236,  247-58.  The  organization  of  the  service 
of  the  interior. 


io  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Rubottom,  Capt.  Holland:  Questions^  on -Field  Service  Regulations  of  the 
United  States  Army,  §§  236,  247-58.  A  book  of  questions  covering 
the  F.S.R-.  in  detail. 

A.R.,  §§  190-210,  on  territorial  departments  and  posts;  §§  303-15,  on  the 
coast  artillery. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  51,  1917,  entire.  Classification 
of  the  territorial  departments. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §  398.  The  system  of  numbering  army  depots,  posts,  etc.,  in 
the  service  of  the  interior. 

U.S.  Secretary  of  War:  Report  on  the  Organization  of  I  lie  Land  Farces  of  the 
United  Slates,  entire.  Critical  discussion  of  the  territorial  department, 
published  in  1912  and  therefore  largely  superseded. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  Strategic  Location  of  Military 
Depots,  Arsenals  and  Manufacturing  Plants  in  the  United  Stales,  entire, 
i  A  plan  for  improving  the  lay-out  of  the  service  of  the  interior. 

:  Mobilization  of  Industries  and  Utilization  of  the  Commercial 

and  Industrial  Resources  of  the  Country  for  War  Purposes  in  Emer- 
gency, entire.  A  plan  for  efficient  use  of  the  resources  of  the  service 
of  the  interior. 

Goltz,  Baron  von  der:  The  Conduct  of  War,  pp.  88-98.  The  use  of  the 
service  of  the  interior  in  preparation  for  fighting. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Explain  what  is  meant  by,  and  what  is  included  in,   (a)  the 
service  of  the  interior;    (b)  the  service  of  the.  theater  of  operations; 
(c)   the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications;    (d)  the  zone  of  the 
advance. 

2.  What  are   the   reasons  for  having   territorial   departments? 
What  are  some  of  the  defects  of  the  present  organization  ? 

3.  Who  appoints  the  department  commander? 

4.  What  is  the  appropriate  rank  for  a  commander  of  a  territorial 
department  ? 

5.  "The   department   commander   commands   all    the    military 
forces  of  the  government  within  the  limits  of  the  territorial  depart- 
ment, save  as  exempted  by  the  Secretary  of  War."     Make  as  long  a 
list  as  you  can  of  (i)  the  outstanding  inclusions,  (2)  the  outstanding 
exclusions. 

6.  Look  through  the  list  of  matters  exempted  from  the  control  of 
the  department  commander.     Can  you  detect  any  general  principle 
governing  the  exemptions  ? 

7.  Could  mobilization  camps  for  the  National  Army  be  taken 
from  the  territorial  department  organization  for  purposes  of  instruc- 
tion and  discipline,  but  retained  in  that  organization  for  purposes  of 
supply  ?    If  not,  why  not  ?    If  so,  on  what  authority  ?     Can  you  cite 
any  reasons  why  such  action  should  be  taken? 


! 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      n 

8.  "The  theory  is  that  a  territorial  department  shall  .contain  a 
division  of  troops  so  that  officers  may  have  practice  in  handling 
troops.     Instead,  our  army  posts  are  the  result  of  historical  accident 
and  political  pull,  so  that  efficient  military  organization  has  been 
sacrificed."     How  far  is  this  true? 

9.  Does   the   department  commander  have  any  functions  with 
respect  to  the  R.O.T.C.  at  a  university  ?     If  not,  why  not  ?     If  so, 
on  what  general  principles  ? 

10.  What  are  the  outstanding  duties  of  the  commander  of  the  -f 
port  of  embarkation  with  respect  to  camps,  supplies,  detraining, 
transports,  other  shipping,  administrative  groups  ? 

11.  Distinguish  between  a  mobilization  camp  and  a  concentration 
camp;  between  posts,  forts,  camps,  bivouacs,  and  cantonments. 

12.  "The  essential  difference  between  the  coast  fortresses  and 
the  mobile  troops  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  coast  artillery  is  local  and 
will  remain  local  both  in   peace  and   in  war.     .The  mobile  forces, 
however,  will  not  be  confined  to  a  definite  territory."     Is  this  differ-  ** 
ence  significant  for  purposes  of  organization  ? 

13.  What  relation  does  the  coast  artillery  bear  to  the  territorial 
department  ?     Is  the  position  of  .the  coast  artillery  analogous  to  that 
of  the  Marine  Corps  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

14.  What  are  the  arguments  for  removing  the  coast  artillery  from 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  department  commander  ? 

15.  With  what  officer  does  the  command  of  troops  at  a  concen- 
tration camp  lie  ?     What  is  the  situation  with  respect  to  the  port  of 
embarkation  ?     What  considerations  would  make  for  removing  these 
matters  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  department  commander  ? 

16.  "An  arsenal  is  in  a  territorial  department,  but  not  of  it." 
Explain. 

17.  Does  the  commander  of  a  territorial  department  have  a  Chief 
of  Staff  ?     If  so,  what  are  his  duties  ? 

r8.  A.R.,  §  197,  gives  a  list  of  functionaries  on  the  s^aff  of  the 
department  commander.     These  people,  in  the  main,  seem  to  owe    -> 
allegiance  to  various  bureaus  which  are  not  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
department  commander.    Is  the  statement  in  A.R.,  §  197,  correct  ? 

19.  List  the  activities  of  the  service  of  the  interior  in  preparing  " 
troops  for,  and  forwarding  them  to,  the  theater  of  operations.    When 
do  the  duties  of  the  department  commander  end  ?     As  they  leave  his 
jurisdiction  what  supplies  should  the  troops  have  ?   Why  this  amount  ? 

20.  "The  location  of  our  arsenals,  military  depots,  and  munition-  " 
manufacturing  plants  leaves  much  to  be  desired."     Precisely  what  ? 

21.  If  troops  are  to  be  sent  abroad,  will  the  concentration  camp  - 
be  placed  in  the  port  of  embarkation  ?     Why  or  why  not  ?     Will  there  * 
be  a  supply  depot  at  the  concentration  camp  ? 


12  QUARTERMASTER  AND   ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

22.  The    Central    Department   has,    of   course,   a   department 
quartermaster,  and  a  quartermaster  depot  is  located  at  Chicago.     Is 
the  commander  of  the  depot  under  the  authority  of  the  department 
quartermaster?    of  the  department  commander?    of  the  Quarter- 
master General  ?    of  the  Chief  of  Staff  at  Washington  ? 

23.  What  need  of  an  understanding  of  the  organization  of  the 
territorial  department  has  an  ordnance  sergeant  or  a  quartermaster 
sergeant  connected  with  stores  work? 

24.  "If  one  knows  the,  territorial  department,   he  knows   the 
service  of  the  interior."     Why  or  why  not? 

25.  A  group  of  bureau  chiefs  appears  in  the  organization  of  the 
service  of  the  interior.     What  are  their  functions  in  time  of  peace  ? 
in  time  of  war  ? 

26.  "The  organization  of  the  staff  of  the  territorial  command 
should  be  based  on  a  recognition  of  the  separateness  of  the  territorial 
and  tactical  functions  of  the  commander.     As  a  territorial  commander 
he  is  concerned  with  posts,  reservations,  administrations,  and  supply 
As  a  tactical  commander  he  is  concerned  with  the  constituent  brigades, 
and  special  units  of  his  command.     One  function  is  territorial  and 
fixed,  the  other  is  mobile  and  goes  with  the  troops."     Is  this  organiza- 
tion actually  found  ? 

27.  Make  a  map  of  the  Central  Department,  showing  at  least  one 
example  of  each  of  the  military  establishments  found  there.     Dis- 
tinguish between  those  under  the  control  of  the  department  com- 
mander and  those  which  are  independent  of  him. 

2.  THE  SERVICE  or  THE  THEATER  OF  OPERATIONS. 

a)  The  Functions  and  Organization  of  the  Zone  of  the  Line  of 
Communications. 

b)  The  Functions  and  Organization  of  the  Zone  of  the  Advance. 

One  purpose  dominates  the  theater  of  operations—  that  of  destroy- 
ing the  enemy.  The  organization  is  drawn  in  terms  of  that  purpose. 
Supreme  authority  rests  with  the  commander  of  the  field  forces.  He 
is  provided  with  advisers  concerning  military  operations  and  with 
advisers  and  administrators  in  charge  of  the  various  staff  services. 
His  mind  is  left  relatively  free  to  grapple  with  the  great  questions  of 
strategy. 

The  heavy  burden  of  actual  conflict  rests  upon  the  troops  in  the 
zone  of  the  advance.  "  The  mission  of  the  tactical  units  and  adminis- 
trative' groups  assigned  to  the  line  of  communications  is  to  relieve 
the  combatant  field  force  as  far  as  possible  from  every  consideration 
except  that  of  defeating  the  enemy."  In  other  words,  as  its  name 
signifies,  the  function  of  the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications  is  that 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      13 


of  serving  as  the  connecting  link  or  transmission  system  for  troops, 
supplies,  etc.,  between  the  service  of  the  interior  and  the  region  of 
actual  fighting. 

A  simplified  representation  of  the  organization  laid  down  to 
accomplish  the  tasks  falling  to  the  theater  of  operations  is  shown 
below. 

THE  PRESIDENT 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 

I 

COMMANDER  OF  THE  FIELD  FORCES 
CHIEF  OF  STAFF 


Technical  or  Administrative  Staff 
made  up  of  representatives  of  the 
War  Department  bureaus,  viz.,  the 
"Quartermaster  Corps,  the  Ordnance 
Department,  the  Signal  Corps,  the 
Corps  of  Engineers,  etc. 


General  Staff 


Administrative    Intelligence    Combat 
Section  Section         Section 


Commanders  of  fighting 
units  in  the  Zone  of  the 
Advance 


Commander  of  the  Line  of 
Communications 


Servi 
Defei 

ce  of 
ise 

Sup 
San 

ply, 

itary, 

Sen 
Mil 

dee  of 
tary 

and 

Railways 

Telegraph 

Service 

READINGS 

F.S.R.,  §§237-44,   259-63,  357-85.     Organization  of  the   service  of  the 

theater  of  operations. 

Rubottom,  Capt.  Holland:  Questions  on  F.S.R.,  §§237-44,  259-63,  357-85. 
"What  You  See  at  the  Front,"  The  World's  Work,  XXXIII,  pp.  602-22. 

Diagrams  and  photographs  of  the  theater  of  operations. 
Smith,  Lt.  J.  S.:    Trench  Warfare,  entire.     A  presentation  of  the  fighting 

conditions  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  under  modern  conditions. 
O'Ryan  and  Anderson:    The  Modern  Army  in  Action,  pp.  126-29.     The 

relation  of  the  line  of  communications  to  the  army. 


14  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Goltz,  Baron  von  der:   The  Conduct  of  War,  pp.  77-88.     A  discussion  of 

the  base. 
Sharpe,  Brig.- Gen.,  H.  G.:    The  Provisioning  of  the  Modern  Army  in  the 

Field,  p.  20.     A  brief  statement  concerning  bases. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  State  the  functions  of  the  War  Department  with  respect  to  the 
commander  of  the  field  forces. 

2.  What  good  purpose,  if  any,  is  served  by  dividing  the  theater 
of  operations  into  the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications  and  the 
zone  of  the  advance  ? 

3.  Where  is  the  headquarters  of  the  commander  of  the  field  forces 
usually  located?  that  of  the  commander  of  the  line  of  communica- 
tions ?     Define  the  limits  of  the  zone  of  the  advance. 

4.  "One  should  not  confuse  administrative  units  with  tactical 
units."     What  is  the  distinction  between  them? 

5.  The  operations  of  an  army  may  be  likened  to  thosfe  of  an 
" assembling"  industry.     The  right  thing  must  be  done  at  the  right 
place  at  the  right  time.     In  such  an  industry  the  problem  of  "  control " 
is  very  serious.     Of  what  "control  structures"  does  the  commander 
of  the  field  forces  make  use  ? 

6.  What  is  meant  by  the  base  ?     Is  it  a  line,  a  point,  a  province, 
or  a  country  ? 

7.  What   are    the   outstanding   purposes   of    the   base  ?     What 
essential  features  will  a  good  base  possess  ? 

8.  What  is  an  advance  base?  a  double  base?     Is  the  base  of 
operations  the  same  thing  as  the  base  of  supply  ? 

9.  Make  a  list  of  the  significant  physical  things  which  are  to  be 
found  at  a  base. 

10.  State  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  flowing  from  having 
allied  armies  operating  from  divergent  bases. 

11.  UA  base  must  have  well-knit  interdependence,  both  in  terms 
of  physical  communication  and  in  terms  of  organization."     Wrhat  does 
this  mean  ?     Why  is  it  true  ? 

12.  "The  base  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  commander  of  the 
line  of  communications."     Why  or  why  not  ? 

13.  State  in  general  terms  the  functions  of  the  commander  of  the 
line  of  communications. 

14.  Make  a  list  of  the  significant  physical  things  which  are  to  be 
found  in  the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications. 

15.  Define  the  limits  of  the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications. 

1 6.  What  is  the  base  section  of  the  line  of  communications? 
the  advance  section  ?  the  intermediate  section  ?     Could  a  given  line  of 
communications  have  one  base  section  and  several  advance  sections  ? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES      15 

Is  the  advance  section  of  the  line  of  communications  the  same  thing 
as  the  zone  of  the  advance  ? 

17.  Does  the  commander  of  the  line  of  communications  actually 
have  troops  under  him  ?     If  so,  for  what  purpose  ?     If  not,  why  not  ? 

18.  "Troops  for  the  protection  of  field  army  troops  are  preferably 
furnished  from   troops  assigned   to   the  line  of  communications." 
Explain.     Show  the  military  wisdom  of  such  a  policy. 

19.  "It  is  the  function  of  the  divisions  in  advance  to  extend  back, 
during  an  advance,  and  make  connections  with  the  line  of  communica- 
tions.    It  is  not  the  function  of  the  line  of  communications  to  extend 
its  lines."     Why  or  why  not? 

20.  "In  principle,  the  administrative  services  of  a  division  must 
have  the  same  degree  of  mobility  as  the  division  itself."     Why  or  why 
not?    What  bearing  has  the  statement  upon  the  functions  of  the 
line  of  communications  ? 

21.  "A  depot  of  supply."     Where  may  such  a  thing  be  found  ?     .   > 

22.  A.R.,  §  1508,  says:   "An  officer  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  is 
detailed  as  director  of  railways  on  the  staff  of  the  commander  of  the 
line  of  communications.     Under  the  direction  of  that  commander  he 
is  charged  with  the  construction,  maintenance,  and  operation  of  rail- 
ways under  military  control  in  the  theater  of  operations,  directs  and 
co-ordinates  the  work  of  the  military  and  civil  staffs,  takes  charge 
of  such  railways  and  their  appurtenances  in  the  theater  of  operations, 
including  both  existing  lines  and  extensions,  as  may  be  required  in 
military  operations,  and  is  responsible  for  the  proper  working  of 
railways."    A.R.,  §  1000,  says:  "The  Quartermaster  Corps  is  charged  " 
with  the  duty  of  providing  means  of  transportation  of  every  charac- 
ter which  may  be  needed  in  the  movement  of  'troops  and  material 
of  war."     Can  you  harmonize  the  two  statements  ? 

23.  "The  staff  functions  of  the  headquarters  of  units  larger  than  a 
brigade  may  be  separated  into  two  groups:  (i)  the  general  staff  group, 
(2)  the  technical  and  administrative  group."     What  are  the  functions 
of  each  group  ?     Comment  on  the  purposes  of  this  scheme  of  organ- 
ization. 

24.  It  is  said  that  the  assistants  of  the  chief  of  staff  of  a  field  army 
have  charge  of  three  general' divisions  of  the  work:    (a)  the  combat 
section;    (b)  the  administrative  section;    (c)  the  intelligence  section. 
Explain  'the  functions  of  each. 

25.  An  army  is  operating  in  the  field.     Who  is  responsible  for 
securing  information  concerning  the  enemy's  strength,  disposition 
of  forces,  and  movements  ?     Does  the  intelligence  section  of  the 
General  Staff  actually  go  out  and  collect  information  ? 

26.  Differentiate  between  a  field  army  and  "field  army  troops. 
What  is  the  composition  of  field  army  troops  ?     What  is  meant  by  a 
brigade  of  field  army  troops  ? 


16  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

27.  "The  technical  and  administrative  staff  officers  with  a  field 
army  perform  the  duties  appropriate  to  their  office  under  the  instruc- 
tions of  their  commander.     During   the  period  of  grand  tactical 
operations  with  commands  larger  than  a  division,  and  when  a  line 
of   communications  is  in   operation,  their  functions  are  advisory. 
Upon   completion  of  the  grand  tactical  operations  and  upon  the 
discontinuance  of  an  organized  line  of  communications,  or  if  no  line 
of  communications  has  been  organized,  these  staff  officers  assume  a 
more  immediate  control  of  their  respective  staff  personnel,  depots, 
hospitals,  etc."     Explain  the  meaning  of -each   statement.     Show 
the  "why"  of  each  statement. 

28.  You  are  a  quartermaster  sergeant  working  in  a  depot  in  the 
service  of  the  interior.     What  concern  have  you  with  an  understanding 
of  the  service  of  the  theater  of  operations  ? 


C.  Army  Organization  in  Terms  of  Line  and  Staff. 

1.  The  Theory  of  Line  and  Staff  Organization. 

2.  Army  Line  Organization. 

3.  The  Organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Ordnance 
Department. 


i.  THE  THEORY  OF  LINE  AND  STAFF  ORGANIZATION. 

It  is  commonplace  that  there  is  no  one  "correct"  form  of  organi- 
zation. Organization  is  not  an  end  in  itself.  It  is  a  means  to  an 
end,  a  method,  a  device  to  secure  orderly  procedure  in  carrying  out 


DIAGRAM  A 

a  policy.  It  follows  that  the  form  of  organization  used  should  vary 
according  to  the  purpose  in  view  and  the  material  available  for  the 
achievement  of  this  purpose. 

Whatever  may  be  one's  conclusion  concerning  the  form  of  organi- 
zation which  should  be  used  in  a  given  case,  the  form  actually  used 
is  generally  largely  the  result  of  historical  development.  It  is  so  with 
army  organization.  While  army  organization  is  of  no  one  pure  type 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES      17 

to  the  exclusion  of  others,  it  will  best  serve  our  purposes  to  think  of 
it  as  a  "line  and  staff"  organization. 

Line  organization  is  too  well  known  to  justify  detailed  description 
here.  It  is  a  good  form  of  organization  when  the  purpose  is  that  of 
securing  prompt  execution,  by  large  numbers,  of  a  well-understood 
(preferably  simple)  operation.  When  opera- 
tions are  complex,  however,  and  particularly 
when  their  successful  conduct  depends  upon 
the  application  of  advanced  scientific  or  techni- 
cal knowledge  it  is  -desirable  to  supplement 
the  line  organization  with  some  scheme  of 
utilizing  this  specialized  knowledge.  "The 
Staff"  is  one  such  device.  The  staff  may 
thus  be  said  to  be  a  body  of  experts  who 
place  their  knowledge  and  skill  at  the  service 
of  the  line.  This  may  be  done  in  various 
ways.  Representative  of  two  extremes  are 
Diagrams  A  and  B.  Diagram  A  represents 
the  case  where  the  counsel  of  the  staff  officials 
is  given  to  high  line  officials  who  pass  it 
down  to  the  lower  ranks.  Diagram  B  repre- 
sents the  case  where  the  counsel,  and  possibly 
positive  direction,  of  the  staff  officials  is  given 
to  lower  ranks  direct.  Illustrations  showing  compromises  and  vari- 
ations will  occur  to  everyone. 

READINGS 

Kimball,  D.  S.:  Principles  of  Industrial  Organization,  pp.  64-76.     Line  and 

staff  organization  in  general. 
Emerson,  Harrington:    Efficiency  as  a  Basis  for  Operation  and  Wages, 

chaps,  iii  and  iv.     Systems  of  organization. 
Duncan,  J.  C.:    The  Principles  of  Industrial  Management,  chap.  xiii.     A 

statement  with  a  practical  flavor,  derived  from  work  in  shops. 
Hine,  Maj.  C.  D.:  Modern  Organization,  chap.  vii.    A  discussion  of  line 

and  staff  functions. 
Robb,  Russell:   Lectures  on  Organization,  entire,  with  special  emphasis  on 

chap.  i.    A  clean-cut  statement  of  the  subject. 
Going,  C.  B.:   Principles  of  Industrial  Engineering,  pp.  39-47.     Line  and 

staff  organization  as  illustrated  by  the  army. 


DIAGRAM  B 


QUESTIONS 

i.  Define  organization.  Suppose  one  speaks  of  the  administra- 
tion, of  organization.  What  is  the  distinction  between  administra- 
tion and  organization  as  here  used  ? 


1 8  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

i 

2.  What  type  of  organization  would  you  suggest  to  meet  the  fol- 
lowing problems:   (a)  where  the  main  issue  is  the  control  of  a  large 
number  of  people?  (b)  where  there  is  great  complexity?  (c)  where 
time  is  the  great  issue  ?  (d)  where  records  are  of  great  importance  ? 
(e)  where  division  of  labor  is  essential  ? 

3.  State  in  general  terms  the  factors  upon  which  the  efficiency 
of  an  organization  depends.     Are  they  different  in  the  Army  from 
what  they  are  in  business  ? 

4.  For  what  types  of  industry  is  line  organization  best  fitted? 
Do  you  know  of  any  case  of  pure  line  organization  in  business  ?  in 
the  Army? 

5.  In  describing  line  organization,  the  following  statement  is 
made:  "The  lines  of  authority  and  responsibility  run  continuously 
through  the  whole  body  from  top  to  bottom."     Show  the  practical 
application  of  this  in  army  organization. 

6.'  Using  an  infantry  division  as  an  example,  show  that  line 
organization  is  essentially  simple,  mathematical  subdivisions. 

7.  "The  advantage  of  the  line  form  of  organization,  so  far  as 
discipline  is  concerned,  is  manifest."     Do  you  believe  this  statement  ? 

8.  In  a  "line  organization"  to  how  many  superiors  is  the  indi- 
vidual immediately  responsible  ?    Does  one  foreman  receive  instruc- 
tion or  commands  from  other  foremen  of  the  same  grade  or  rank  ? 

9.  In  undertakings  of  any  size  and  complexity,  the  retention  of 
pure  line  organization  means  deficiencies  in  instructions  to  workmen 
and  poor  technical  methods.     Why  or  why  not  ?     Is  the  statement  an 
argument  for  abandoning  line  organization  ? 

10.  "Pure  line  organization  tends  to  make  the  success  of  the 
undertaking  depend,  to  a  large  extent,  on  the  ability   of   a   few 
strong  men,  the  loss  of  any  one  of  whom  would  be  severely  felt." 
"The  strength  of  line  organization  lies  in  its  indestructibility."    Are 
these  quotations  contradictory  ? 

11.  The  word  "staff"  is  confusing  because  it  is  used  in  several 
different  senses.     Differentiate,  if  necessary,  between  the  use  of  the 
word  in  the  following  cases:    general  staff;    staff  organization;    an 
instructing  staff;  staff  departments;  staff  of  the  commanding  general; 
chief  of  staff;  line  and  staff  organization. 

12.  Make  a  list  of  the  kinds  of  specialized  skill  needed  in  success- 
ful conduct  of  an  army.     Do  the  staff  services  as  now  existing  cover 
your  list  ? 

13.  "The  various  staff  functions  are  co-ordinate  and  co-operative, 
but  they  do  not  stand  to  one  another  in  any  order  of  ascending  and 
descending  scale."    Is  this  true  of  the  staff  departments  of  the  Army  ? 

14.  In  attempting  to  differentiate  between  line  and  staff  organi- 
zation, an  author  makes  the  following  statements:    "The  scope  of 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      19 

the  individual  is  limited  in  area,  but  unlimited  in  responsibility  within 
that  area."  "The  responsibility  of  the  individual  is  unlimited  in 
area,  but  limited  to  one  function  throughout  that  area."  Which 
statement  describes  line  organization  ? 

15.  Comparing  Diagrams  A  and  B  (pp.  16-17),  indicate  under 
what  circumstances  you  would  expect  A  to  be  representative  of  good 
organization.     Under  what  circumstances  should  you  approve  of  B  ? 

1 6.  Would  it  be  possible  to  have  a  staff  official  attached  to  the 
office  of  each  of  the  intermediate  line  officials?     If  so,  should  you 
expect  such  a  plan  ever  to  bring  good  results  ? 

17.  In  the  Army  a  given  person  may  sometimes  have  line  duties 
and  sometimes  staff  duties.     This  seems,  at  first  glance,  likely  to 
result  in  inexpert  performances.     What  do  you  think  of  the  plan  ? 

1 8.  Are  the  functions  of  staff  and  line  antagonistic — are  they 
alternative  and  rival  schemes  of  organization  ?     Support  your  answer 
by  an  example  taken  from  army  organization. 

19.  "  The  theory  of  a  general  staff  is  that  each  topic  that  may  be  of 
use  to  an  army  shall  be  studied  to  perfection  by  a  separate  specialist, 
and  that  the  combined  wisdom  of  these  specialists  shall  emanate 
from  a  supreme  staff  for  the  profit  of  the  whole  army."     Does  this 
statement  refer  to  staffs  serving  with  certain  commanders  or  does  it 
refer  to  the  various  staff  bureaus  such  as  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
and  Ordnance  Department  or  does  it  refer  to  something  else  ? 

20.  In  what  ways  does  staff  organization  tend  to  high  functional 
efficiency  in  each  and  every  man  ? 

21.  "Staff  is  contra-distinguished  from  line  organization  in  the 
necessity  for  maximum  intellectual  attention  un trammeled  by  the 
demands  of  administrative  routine."     What  do  you  understand  by 
this  statement  ?    Is  the  Quartermaster  Corps  or  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment free  from  administrative  routine  ? 

22.  It  has  been  suggested,  that  the  significance  of  staff  organiza- 
tion is  that  it  separates  mental  work  from  physical  work.     Is  this  a 
good  statement  of  the  case  ? 

23.  Is  it  correct  to  say  that  military  organization  is.  line  organi- 
zation ?    Have  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment line  organization  ? 

2.  ARMY  LINE  ORGANIZATION. 

a)  The  Traditional  Position  of  tke  " Line." 

b)  Line  Organization  as  Illustrated  by  the  Division. 

One  of  the  outstanding  facts  of  business  organization  is  the 
influence  of  tradition.  It  is  an  equally  prominent  fact  in  army 
organization.  In  business,  organization  shows  at  every  turn  the 


»       20  QUARTERMASTER  AND   ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

heritage  of  the  days  of  small-scale,  simple  industry.  Similarly,  army 
organization  of  today  reflects  the  days  of  warfare  unattended  by 
modern  science.  The  line  officer  has  a  position  involving  a  mass  of 
responsibilities  and  a  probability  of  his  being  assigned  to  various 
services,  which  are  in  large  part  derived  from  the  day  of  compara- 
tively small-scale  military  operations.  The  situation  has  its  advan- 
tages, and,  in  any  case,  it  exists.  Supply  service  must  be  in  terms 
A  of  the  existing  situation. 

>  The  supply  service,  of  course,  has  its  existence  for  the  benefit  of 

the  Army,  and  its  organization  is  naturally  attached  to  that  of  the 
line.  At  present,  the  line  organization  is  undergoing  considerable 
changes  in  its  details,  although  the  main  outline  remains  constant. 
We  shall  study  the  division  as  a  means  of  grasping  the  framework  of 
the  line  organization. 

READINGS 

U.S.  War  Department:  Tables  of  Organization,  United  States  Army,  1917. 
Already  superseded,  but  the  new  tables  are  as  yet  confidential. 

A.R.,  §§  7-20  deal  with  commands  and  ranking  in  the  Army;  §§  245-302 
deal  with  certain  organizations  of  the  line. 

Foster,  Col.  Hubert:  Organization,  pp.  3-51,  the  integral  units  of  line 
organization;  pp.  137-58,  a  sketch  of  the  organization  of  several  Old 
World  armies  before  1914;  pp.  161-232,  a  history  of  military 
organization. 

Goltz,  Baron  von  der:  The  Nation  in  Arms,  pp.  1-28.  A  study  of  the 
development  of  army  line  organization. 

Marshall  and  Simonds:  A  Military  Primer,  pp.  19-22.  A  brief  but  lucid 
statement  of  the  main  points  of  line  organization. 

Kerrick,  Capt.  H.  S.:  Military  and  Naval  America,  pp.  26-32,  army  organi- 
zation in  general;  chaps,  xiv-xvii,  the  Coast  Artillery  and  the  three 
arms  of  the  mobile  Army,  with  tables  showing  the  organization; 
pp.  80-8 1,  diagrams  of  the  line  organization  of  the  Corps  of.  Engineers. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  A  Modern  Organization  for  the 
Regular  Army  and  Its  Use  as  a  Model  in  Organizing  Other  Forces, 
entire.  The  position  of  line  and  staff  services  in  peace  time,  and 
suggestions  for  improvement. 

:  Changes  in  Organization  Found  Necessary  during  the  Progress  of 

the  European  War,  entire. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  People  who  have  studied  the  matter  are  in  agreement  con- 
cerning the  fundamental  importance  of  the  supply  services.     How 
do  you  account  for  the  fact  that  a  great  many  persons  think  that 
unless  one  serves  in  the  line  he  is  not  rendering  his  full  service  ? 

2.  A  line  officer  recently  assigned  to  quartermaster  duties  spoke 
contemptuously  of  his  insignia  as  a  "bean  bag"  and  bewailed  his  lot 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      21 

in  "going  to  war  behind  a  team  of  mules."     How  do  you  account  for 
his  attitude  ? 

3.  "At  the  officers'  training  camps  men  who  had  received  only 
line  training  were  given  commissions  in  the  staff  departments.     This 
shows  the  grip  of  tradition."     What  does  this  mean  ? 

4.  "The  line  officer  is  father,  mother,  brother,  sister,  sweetheart, 
business   manager,   boarding-house   keeper,   and   a   hundred   other 
things  to  his  men.     Why?     Tradition."     Explain. 

5.  What  is  the  line  of  an  army?     Distinguish  between  the  line 
organization  and  the  battle  line.     Cite  other  ways  in  which  the  word 
"line"  is  used  in  army  affairs. 

6.  What   is   the   coast   artillery?     What   arms   beside   artillery 
proper  does  it  include  ? 

7.  In  speaking  of  the  mobile  army,  what  is  meant  by  the  "arms 
combined"  ? 

8.  What  is  the  infantry  squad  ?     What  unit  of  cavalry  corre- 
sponds to  it?  what  unit  of  artillery?     Who  leads  these  units  in 
each  arm  ? 

9.  Give  the  composition  and  commander  of  a  platoon  of  infantry; 
of  a  platoon  of  cavalry ;  of  a  platoon  of  artillery. 

10.  What  unit  of  cavalry  corresponds  to  the  company  of  infantry  ? 
what  unit  of  artillery  ? 

11.  What  is  the  composition  of  a  battalion  of  infantry?    Who 
commands  it?    What  is  the  composition  of  the  corresponding  unit 
of  cavalry  ?  of  artillery  ? 

12.  What  is  the  function  of  the  battalion  in  the  scheme  of  army 
organization  ?     Has  the  commander  a  staff  ?     If  so,  what  kind  of  a 
staff  ?     Would  an  ordnance  man  probably  be  serving  on  such  a  staff  ? 
What  are  the  duties  of  the  adjutant  ? 

13.  Give  the  composition  of  a  regiment  of  infantry;   of  cavalry; 
of  artillery.     Who  commands  the  regiment  ?     Has  he  an  administra- 
tive staff  ?  a  tactical  staff  ?    In  what  respects  do  the  functions  of  the 
regiment  and  those  of  the  battalion  differ  ? 

14.  What  is  the  composition  of  a  brigade  of  infantry?  a  brigade 
of  cavalry  ?  a  brigade  of  artillery  ?     Who  is  the  commander  ?     What 
sort  of  a  staff  has  he  ? 

15.  What  is  the  composition  of  a  division  of  infantry  ?  of  a  division 
of  cavalry  ?     Do  not  omit  the  trains.     Who  commands  the  division  ? 
What  sort  of  a  staff  has  the  division  commander  ? 

1 6.  "The  division  is  the  smallest  self-contained  unit."     What 
does  this  mean?     Is  it  true?     What  are  the  elements  of  this  self- 
sufficiency  ?     Could  we  have  a  division  of  artillery  ? 

17.  When  a  division  is  on  the  march,  where  is  its  commander 
posted  ? 


22  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

1 8.  Draw  a  chart  showing  the  units  making  up  an  infantry 
division.     Show  the  organization  as  far  down  as  the  squad.     Make 
out  a  similar  chart  for  a  cavalry  division. 

19.  "The  words  'field  officer'  include  all  officers  of  the  line  and 
staff  below  the  grade  of  brigadier  general  and  above  the  grade  of 
captain"  (A.R.,  §  SpoJ).     Enumerate  the  officers  included,  giving  the 
organization  commanded  by  each. 

20.  May  an  organization  be  both  a  tactical  unit  and  an  adminis- 
trative unit,  or  are  the  terms  mutually  exclusive  ?    Name-  the  units 
of  each  sort. 

21.  What,  in  general  terms,  are  the  duties  of  a  captain  of  a  com- 
pany? of  the  first  sergeant?  of  the  company  supply  sergeant  ?  of  the 
company  mess  sergeant  ?    Are  all  these  line  men  ? 

22.  What  is  the  largest  unit  composed  entirely  of  infantry?  of 
cavalry  ?  of  artillery  ? 

23.  In  what  respects  does  the  coast  defense  command  differ  from 
the  post  ? 

•24.  What  is  a  coast  artillery  district  ?  How  many  of  them  have 
we  in  the  United  States  ?  What,  in  general  terms,  are  the  duties  of 
the  coast  artillery  district  commander  ? 

25.  Construct  an  organization  chart  of  a  territorial  department, 
distinguishing  between  channels  of  line  authority  and  those  of  staff 
authority. 

26.  Is  the  department  commander  a  "line"  man?     Who  is  his 
immediate  superior  ? 

27.  Who  is  the  commander  of  a  post?     Is  he  a  "line"  man? 
What  units  are  subject  to  his  authority?    To  whom  is  he  directly 
responsible  ? 

28.  "  General  officers  commanding  posts  will  leave  the  details  of 
administration  to  subordinate  commanders  as  far  as  possible."    On 
what  principles  ?    What  is  a  general  officer  ? 

29.  What  is  a  field  army  ?    How  many  divisions  does  it  contain  ? 
What  is  the  rank  of  its  commander  ? 

30.  Draw  up  an  organization  chart  of  the  zone  of  the  advance, 
showing  the  lines  of  authority  running  from  the  commander  of  the 
field  forces  to  the  privates.     Indicate  at  what  points  in  the  organiza- 
tion there  will  be  staffs  and  tell  whether  these  staffs  will  be  tactical  or 
administrative.    Assume  that  all  the  forces  are  organized  into  a  field 
army  of  three  divisions. 

31.  "The   commander   of    the  field  forces  corresponds  to  the 
department  commander."    Is  this  true  ?    Discuss. 

32.  Are  the  units  found  in  the  service  of  the  theater  of  opera- 
tions organized  in  the  same  way  as  those  found  in  the  Service  of  the 
interior  ? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      23 

33.  Construct  a  chart  showing  the  channels  of  authority  running 
from  the  commander  of  the  field  forces  to  men  engaged  in  the  service 
of  defense  in  the  zone  of  the  line  of  communications.     Assume  that 
a  single  brigade  is  carrying  on  this  service. 

34.  Give  as  many  reasons  as  you  can  why  the  details  of  our  army 
organization  are  being  changed  so  rapidly. 

35.  What  is  the  order  of  precedence  of  a  major  of  the  organized 
militia  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  a  major  of  volunteers,  and 
a  major  of  the  regulars  ? 

36.  Maj.  King,  of  the  Officers'   Reserve   Corps  (assume  either 
of  Ordnance  Department  or  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps),  was  called 
into  active  service  on  May  i,  1917,  and  ordered  to  proceed  to  Fort 
Oglethorpe,  Georgia,  and  report  to  the  commanding  officer  there  for 
duty.     On  arriving  at  Fort  Oglethorpe,  he  finds  Second  Lt.  Crane, 
1 3th  Cav.,  in  command.     Shall  he  report  to  his  junior  in  rank,  or 
shall  he  assume  command  of  the  post  himself,  or   what  shall  his 
action  be  ?  ' 

3.  THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  CORPS  AND  THE 
ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

a)  The  Quartermaster  Corps. 

b)  The  Ordnance  Department. 

The  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Ordnance  Department  are  here 
taken  up  for  study  with  the  limited  purpose  of  understanding  the 
outlines  of  the  organization  involved  in  each  case. 

a)  The  Quartermaster  Corps. 

i.  The  Service  of  the  Interior, 
ii.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations. 

The  Quartermaster  Corps,  created  in  1912  by  a  fusion  of  the 
Commissariat,  the  Paymaster's  Department,  and  the  old  Quarter- 
master's Department,  is,  of  course,  one  of  the  "staff"  organizations, 
and  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  important  supply  agency  of  the 
Army.  Its  chief,  the  Quartermaster  General,  has  the  responsibility, 
in  the  case  of  a  very  wide  range  of  supplies,  of  getting  "  the  proper 
material  to  the  proper  place  at  the  proper  time."  This  means  getting 
appropriate  supplies  to  the  place  at  which  they  are  needed  at  the  time 
they  are  needed  in  accord  with  the  demands  of  tactics  and  strategy. 
His  organization  is  large  and  complex.  It  does  not  stand  by  itself, 
but,  as  is  appropriate  to  a  staff  organization,  it  is  woven  in  with  the 
line  organization.  To  a  beginner  this  interweaving  is  likely  to  be 


24  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

confusing,  as  is  also  the  determination  of  the  place  of  transition  where 
quartermaster  control  of  supplies  ceases  and  line  control  begins. 

At  this  stage  of  our  study  we  shall  not  attempt  to  trace  the 
organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  down  to  the  actual  issue  of 
supplies  to  the  troops.  In  this  chapter  our  purpose  is  merely  that  of 
seeing  the  organization  in  the  large  in  order  to  have  a  background  for 
the  study  of  the  details  of  the  supply  system  as  presented  in  chapter  ii. 

A  simplified  diagram  of  the  organization  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  is  shown  on  p.  25. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  190-91,  201-3,  1000-1005,  1086-94.  Regulations  governing  the 
organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

F.S.R.,  §§  357-63,  368-79,  dealing  with  the  organization  of  the  supply 
service  in  the  theater  of  operations. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  19-117,  on  the  personnel  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps; 
§§  3877-3914,  on  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  the  theater  of  opera- 
tions; §§415-16,  2223-26,  on  the  classification  of  supplies  and 
services;  §§  3700-3726,  on  the  Army  Transport  Service;  §§  2862-64, 
on  constructing  quartermasters;  §§3842-43,  on  the  Harbor  Boat 
Service. 

Tables  of  Organization,  1917.  Contains  tables  of  the  supply  units  of  the 
Army. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  The  Organization  and  Adminis- 
tration of  the  War  Department  Adapted  to  a  Change  from  Peace  Conditions 
to^a  State  of  War,  Appendix  D.  A  table  showing  the  organization 
of  the  Quartermaster  General's  office. 

U.S.  Congress,  House  Doc.  No.  458,  62d  Congress,  2d  session:  Message 
of  the  President  of  the  United  States  on  Economy  and  Efficiency  in  the 
Government  Service,  I,  pp.  441-52.  The  organization  of  the  Quarter- 
y  master  Corps. 

Lawton,  Dempsey,  and  McArthur/  Field  Quartermaster's  Handbook, 
pp.  75-83.  Unit  organization  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

U.S.  War  Department,  Philadelphia  Depot  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps: 
Correspondence  Course  for  Reserve  Officers  (Philadelphia:  Quarter- 
master Corps  School,  1917). 

^    QUESTIONS 

1.  What  are  the  functions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps?    Name 
the  various  classes  of  supplies  and  services  which  it  furnishes  the 
army.     Does  the  term  "army"  as  used  in  the  preceding  sentence 
include  both  line  and  staff  organizations  ? 

2.  Sketch  the  office  organization  of  the  Quartermaster  General 
at  Washington.     What  is  the  nature  of  the  work  done  in  each  of  the 
divisions  ? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES     25 


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26  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

3.  What  is  the  relation  existing  between  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the 
Quartermaster  General?  between  the  General  Staff  Corps  and  the 
Quartermaster  General  ? 

4.  In  terms  of  army  organization,  who  are  the  immediate  subordi- 
nates of  the  Quartermaster  General  in  the  service  of  the  interior  ?    On 
what  staffs,  if  any,  are  they  ? 

5.  State  the  functions  of  the  department  quartermaster.     Chart 
the  office  organization  which  cares  for  these  functions. 

^  6.  "The  department  quartermaster  is  a  correlating  agency  with 
respect  to  supply  in  times  of  peace.  Requisitions  for  supplies  flow  in 
from  all  over  the  department.  His  records  show  where  there  is  a 
deficit  of  supply  and  where  there  is  a  surplus.  They  also  enable  him 
to  pass  judgment  concerning  the  propriety  of  granting  the  amounts 
requisitioned."  Without  working  out  all  the  details,  what  does  this 
quotation  indicate  with  reference  to  the  route  followed  by  a  requisition 
from  a  post  quartermaster  in  time  of  peace  ? 

7.  Does  the  department  quartermaster  exercise  any  supervision 
or  control  over  coast  defense  quartermasters  ? 

8.  What  duties  does  the  transportation  division  of  the  department 
quartermaster's  office  perform  in  the  matter  of  settling  transportation 
accounts  ? 

9.  A  department  staff  officer  receives  orders  from  the  department 
commander  which  contradict  orders  received  from  a  superior  staff 
officer  ?     Which  must  be  obeyed  ?     Why  ? 

10.  "The  post  requisition  in  time  of  peace  went,  after  approval 
by  the  commanding  officer,  to  the  department  quartermaster,  who 
approved  or  revised  it  and  then  sent  it  on  to  a  depot  to  be  filled,  or  had 
the  post  quartermaster  make  the  purchases  at  the  post."     Does  this 
mean  that  the  depot  is  under  the  authority  of  the  department  quarter- 
master ?     Could  a  department  quartermaster  send  such  a  requisition 
to  a  depot  lying  outside  his  territorial  department  ? 

11.  How  many  quartermaster  depots  are  there  in  the  United 
States?    Make  a  general  statement  concerning  the  scope  of  their 
duties  and  their  relations  to  other  functionaries  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps. 

12.  What  are  the  differences  between  the  office  organization  of 
the  Quartermaster  General  and    that  of  a  depot  quartermaster? 
Discuss  the  duties  of  each  of  the  divisions  of  the  depot  office. 

13.  Do  posts  obtain  all  of  their  quartermaster  supplies  from 
depots  ? 

14.  Enumerate  the  duties  of  a  post  quartermaster  in  regard  to 
the  handling  of  supplies,  money,  matters  of  transportation,  and  con- 
struction,    Is  there  anything  out  of  the  ordinary  in  the  variety  of  his 
duties  ?    Comment  on  the  kind  of  man  needed  to  fill  such  a  position, 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES     27 

15.  Who  is  the  immediate  superior  of  the  post  quartermaster? 
Has  the  department  quartermaster  any  supervision  or  authority  over 
the  post  quartermaster?     Is  the  post  quartermaster  a  member  of 
the  Quartermaster  Corps  or  a  line  man  selected  to  perform  the  duties  ? 

16.  What  are  the  functions  of  the  Army  Transport  Service? 

17.  What  are  the  duties  of  a  transport  quartermaster? 

1 8.  Is  the  line  of  authority  from  the  Quartermaster  General  to 
the  chief  quartermaster  of  the  field  army  of  the  same  nature  as  the 
line  of  authority  from  the  Quartermaster  General  to  a  department 
quartermaster  ? 

19.  Is  there  a  quartermaster  of  a  division?     If  so,  what  are  his 
duties  ? 

20.  Does  the  commander  of  the  line  of  communications  have  a 
quartermaster  on  his  staff  ?     If  so,  what  are  his  duties  ?     Would  they 
include  supervision  of  depots  of  quartermaster  material  located  in  the 
zone  of  the  line  of  communications? 

21.  "  The  senior  staff  officer  of  each  group  of  the  base  section  of  the 
supply,  sanitary,  and  telegraph  service  of  the  line  of  communications 
acts  as  technical  adviser  of  the  commander  of  the  line  of  communica- 
tions on  all  matters  relating  to  the  operations  of  his  corps  within  the 
zone   of    the    line    of    communications."     Give   examples   of    such 
"matters." 

22.  "The  commander  of  the  line  of  communications  furnishes  the 
War  Department  a  copy  of  a  list  of  the  stores  required,  showing  the 
maximum  and  minimum  amounts  to  be  kept  on  hand,  and  keeps 
the  War  Department  informed  of  the  amount  of  funds  needed  for 
the  prosecution  of  his  work."     From  whom  does  he  get  this  informa- 
tion? 

23.  How  do  the  commanding  officers  of  depots  receive  instructions 
of  a  general  character  ? 

24.  What  is  the  relation  between  the  quartermaster  at  a  depot  in 
the  advance  section  of  the  line  of  communications  and  the  divisional 
quartermaster  drawing  supplies  from  that  depot  ?     What  is  the  rela- 
tion between   the  quartermaster   at  the  advanced  depot  and  the 
quartermaster  at  the  base  depot  ? 

25.  Can  enlisted  men  of  the  supply  departments  be  called  upon  to 
take  active  part  in  fighting  ? 

26.  Name  the  grades  of  the  men  who  make  up  the  personnel  of  the 
Quartermaster  Corps.     What  are  the  duties  of  each  of  these  offices  ? 

27.  Summarize  the  functions  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  with 
respect  to  (a)  the  service  of  the  interior;    (b)  the  zone  of  the  line  of 
communications;  and  (c)  the  zone  of  the  advance. 

28.  In  1912  the  Quartermaster's  Department,  the  Commissary 
Department,  and  the  Paymaster's  Department  were  consolidated  into 


28  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

\  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  At  Fort  Sheridan  and  other  posts  these 
divisions  are  still  clearly  visible  in  the  office  organization.  Is  there 
any  reason  for  this  other  than  historical  accident  ? 

29.  List  all  the  evidence  available  which  shows  that  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  is  a  decentralized  organization. 

30.  Superimpose  the  chart  of  the  organization  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  on  the  chart  of  the  line  organization  in  the  service  of 
the  interior. 

31.  Superimpose  the  chart  of  the  organization  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  on  that  of  the  line  organization  in  the  theater  of  opera- 
tions. 


b)  The  Ordnance  Department. 

i.  The  Service  of  the  Interior, 
ii.  The  Service  of  the  Theater  of  Operations. 

The  Ordnance  Department  is  next  in  importance  to  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  as  a  supply  department.  Its  range  of  duties  is  narrower, 
its  organization  smaller,  more  compact,  and  more  highly  centralized. 
The  framework  of  the  organization  of  the  department  is  represented 
by  the  diagram  on  page  29.  No  attempt  is  made  in  this  chapter  to 
work  out  the  details  of  organization  and  administration  connected 
with  actual  issue  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  to  troops.  Our 
present  purpose  is  merely  that  of  sketching  the  framework.  The 
details  will  be  considered  in  chapter  ii. 

READINGS 

U.S.  Congress,  House  Doc.  No.  458,  62d  Congress,  2d  session:  Message  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States  on  Economy  and  Efficiency  in  the 
Government  Service,  I,  pp.  467-91.  The  organization  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  is  presented  in  tabular  form,  but  some  changes  have 
been  made  sjnce  the  date  of  this  publication. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  The  Organization  and  Adminis- 
tration of  the  War  Department  Adapted  to  a  Change  from  Peace  Condi- 
tions to  a  State  of  War,  Appendix  G.  A  statement  of  the  office 
organization  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Ordnance  Property  Regulations,  1917,  §§  55-56,  77. 
The  organization  of  the  armament  districts. 

A.R.,  §§  1511-12!;  and  U.S.  War  Department:  Army  Regulations,  Changes 
No.  56,  1917,  §§  281,  68i-A,  1086.  All  these  paragraphs  deal  with 
personnel. 

F.S.R.,  §§  357-65.    The  Ordnance  Department  in  the  theater  of  operations. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  5#,  1916.  This  and  the  follow- 
ing title  concern  themselves  with  the  duties  of  ordnance  officers. 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


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30  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

United  States  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  56,  1917. 

U.S.   Ordnance  Department:    Notes  on  Ordnance  Field  Service^  Parts    i 

and  2.     The  organization  of  ordnance  depots  and  other  distributive 

agencies. 
U.S.  War  Department:  Annual  Reports,  1916,  I,  pp.  803-56  passim.    The 

latest  available  report  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  containing  passing 

references  to  the  organization  of  his  department. 

i 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  are  the  functions  of  the  Ordnance  Department? 

2.  Sketch  the  general  outlines  of  the  office  organization  of  the 
Chief  of  Ordnance.     What  activities  or  duties  does  each  of  the 
divisions  of  his  office  look  after  ? 

3.  Is  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  a  member  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  ? 

4.  Describe    the    relationship    existing   between    the   Ordnance 
Department  and  the  General  Staff  Corps;    between  the  Chief  of 
Ordnance  and  the  Chief  of  Staff. 

5.  In  terms  of  army  organization,  who  are  the  immediate  sub- 
ordinates of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  in  the  service  of  the  interior  ? 

6.  Why  is  it  necessary  to  have  department  ordnance  officers? 
How  many  are  there  in  the  United  States  ? 

7.  What  relation  does  the  ordnance  officer  of  the  Central  Depart- 
ment bear  to  the  department  commander  ?    Is  he  a  member  of  the 
divisional  staff  ? 

8.  From  what  you  know  of  department  organization  should  you 
think  that  the  department  ordnance  officer  has  anything  to  say  about 
the  requisitions  for  ordnance  stores  which  are  made  out  by  the 
ordnance  officers  at  poets  within  his  department  ?     Give  reasons  for 
your  answer. 

9.  What  authority  and  control  does  the  department  ordnance 
officer  exercise  over  the  post  and  coast  defense  ordnance  officers  ? 

10.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  post  and  coast  defense  ordnance 
officers  ?    Who  are  their  immediate  superiors  ?    Are  they  members 
of  the  Ordnance  Department  or  are  they  line  men  ? 

11.  Without  going  into  the  details  of  supply  operations,  how,  in 
general  terms,  do  post  or  camp  ordnance  officers  obtain  the  ordnance 
and  ordnance  stores  needed  at  their  stations  ? 

12.  Does  the  post  ordnance  officer  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties 
have  many  money  transactions  to  look  after?     Why  or  why  not? 
Does  he  normally  do  much  purchasing  ? 

13.  What  are  the  functions  of  an  arsenal?    What  military  rank 
does  the  commanding  officer  of  an  arsenal  usually  have  ? 

14.  Name  the  arsenals  of  the  Ordnance  Department.     Tell  in  gen- 
eral terms  what  each  manufactures  and  distributes.     Do  arsenals 
specialize  in  their  output? 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES      31 

1 5 .  Give  the  organization  of  a  typical  arsenal,  as,  for  example,  that 
at  Rock  Island.     What  are  the  duties  of  each  of  the  divisions  ? 

1 6.  Is  there  a  substantial  difference  between  the  administration 
of  the  affairs  of  an  arsenal  and  those  of  a  private  manufacturing  con- 
cern? 

17.  "Besides  being  manufacturing  and  distributing  plants,  some 
arsenals  are  schools."     Comment. 

1 8.  How  and  from  whom  do  arsenals  obtain  the  funds  needed  in 
carrying  out  their  work  ? 

19.  Are   arsenals   under   the   control   of   the   department   com- 
manders ?     If  not,  under  whose  control  are  they  ?     Give  reasons  for 
the  line  of  authority  being  as  it  is. 

20.  uTo  insure  the  proper  execution  of  one  of  the  most  important 
functions  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  there  have  been  established 
the  so-called  armament  districts."    What  classes  of  armament  dis- 
tricts are  there  ?     What  is  their  function  ? 

2 1 .  Why  not  have  armament  districts  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
for  the  maintenance  and  improvement  of  equipment  (ordnance  stores    ' 
and  supplies)  in  the  hands  of  the  infantry  and  cavalry  ? 

22.  There  are  twelve  arsenals,  nine  departments,  and  eighteen 
armament  districts,  thus  making  a  total  of  thirty-nine  offices  to  be 
filled.     Does  the  Ordnance  Department  provide  thirty-nine  men  for 
the  filling  or  administering  of  these  offices  ?     Explain  in  full.     Do  you  \ 
think  that  war  conditions  will  cause  any  change  in  this  scheme  of  *\ 
organization  ?     Give  reasons  for  your  answer. 

23.  Have  mobile  artillery  armament  districts  the  same  terri- 
torial boundaries  as  the  coast  artillery  districts  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

24.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  relationship  of  the  three  groups  of 
armament   district  officers   to   the   department  ordnance   officers? 
to  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  ? 

25.  What  are  the  functions  of  the  inspectors  of  the  Ordnance 
Department?    Has  the  Inspector  General  any  control  over  them? 
How  many  groups  or  kinds  of  inspectors  can  you  find  in  the  Ordnance 
Department  ? 

26.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  different  ordnance  boards  which 
have  been  set  up  by  the  Ordnance  Department  ?     Comment  on  the 
importance  of  the  work  of  these  boards.     Name  four  or  five  of  the 
more   prominent   standing   boards   in    the   Ordnance   Department. 
What  is  the  nature  of  the  work  accomplished  by  each  of  them  ? 

27.  What  staff  corps  are  drawn  upon  for  the  personnel  of  the 
various  ordnance  boards  ?     Who  appoints  them  ? 

28.  What  are  the  grades  of  personnel  in  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment ? 

29.  Is  there  any  civilian  personnel  in  the  Ordnance  Department 
in  time  of  peace  ?  in  field  service  in  time  of  war  ? 


32  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

30.  What  staff  service  is  charged  with  providing  pay  for  the 
enlisted  personnel  of  the  Ordnance  Department?  for  the  civilian 
personnel  ? 

31.  Who  is  the -immediate  subordinate  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance 
in  the  theater  of  operations  ? 

32.  Is  the  line  of  authority  from  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  to  the 
ordnance  officer  on  the  staff  of  the  commander  of  the  field  forces  of 
the  same  nature  as  the  line  of  authority  from  the  Chief  of  Ordnance 
to  a  department  ordnance  officer  ? 

33.  What  are  the  duties  of  a  division  ordnance  officer  in  the  theater 
of  operations?    What  is  his  relation  (a)  to  the  ordnance  officer  on 
the  staff  of  the  commander  of  the  field  forces  ?  (b)  to  the  ordnance 
officer  in  charge  of  an  ordnance  depot  ?  (c)  to  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  ? 

34.  Does  the  commander  of  the  line  of  communications  have  an 
ordnance  officer  on  his  staff  ?    If  so,  what  are  his  duties  ? 

35.  Make  a  list  of  the  principal  functions  of  an  ordnance  depot. 
Where  may  ordnance  depots  be  located  ? 

36.  Make  a  list  of  the  facilities  which  the  depot  commander  has 
at  his  disposal  to  enable  him  to  carry  out  the  above  functions. 

37.  How  do  commanding  officers  of  depots  receive  instructions  of 
a  general  character  ? 

38.  What  is  the  tentative  personnel  of  a  depot  company  ?     Chart 
the  organization  and  duties  of  a  division  ordnance  depot.     What  is 
the  relation  of  the  division  ordnance  officer  to  the  ordnance  depot  ? 

39.  What  is  the  rank  of  the  commander  of  the  ordnance  depot  ? 
How  many  commissioned  assistants  does  he  have  and  what  are  their 
rank  and  duties  ? 

40.  How  does  an  ordnance  depot  differ  from  an  arsenal  ? 

41.  What  duties  may  be  assigned  to  ordnance  officers  designated 
for  field  duty  ? 

42.  From  what  sources  will  the  ordnance  depots  in  France  obtain 
their  supplies  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  ? 

43.  Can  the  Quartermaster  Corps  be  expected  to  provide  the 
Ordnance  Department  with  materials  for  manufacture  into  ordnance 
equipment  ?    If  so,  what  materials  ? 

44.  What  staff  service  is  charged  with  the  construction  of  ordnance 
depots  in  the  theater  of  operations  ? 


CHAPTER  II 
THE   SUPPLY   SERVICE   OF  THE   MODERN  ARMY 

A.  Supply  in  Relation  to  Military  Operations 

B.  Some  Aspects  of  Supply  Work 


A.  Supply  in  Relation  to  Military  Operations. 

1 .  The  Significance  of  Supply  and  Its  Relation  to  Strategy. 

2.  Supply  and  the  Service  of  Information. 

3.  Supply  and  the  Service  of  Security. 

4.  Supply  and  the  Conduct  of  Marches. 

5.  Supply  and  Shelter. 

6.  Supply  and  Combat. 

"The  supply  of  an  army  in  the  field  is  a  complicated  and  difficult 
question — one  on  which  the  results  of  a  campaign  will  generally 
depend.  Begin  to  despise  it;  let  pride  overcome  the  officers  who  have 
to  attend  to  administrative  matters;  let  them  hanker  after  greater 
rank  and  status,  after  more  pompous  or  brilliant  duties;  and  the  first 
step  is  taken  toward  a  disaster.  Now  that  the  difficulties  have 
largely  increased,  we  are  bound  to  pay  special  attention  to  this  matter 
and  to  proceed  with  greater  method  than  ever.  The  best  method 
rests  on  a  full  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  the  work  to  be  per- 
formed, a  just  division  of  labor,  and  a  proper  delegation  of  duties  in 
accordance  with  the  capacity  of  each  individual." 

The  organization  of  a  supply  service  must  be  worked  out  in  terms 
of  the  composition,  the  disposition,  and  the  movements  of  the  forces 
to  be  supplied.  The  close  connection  of  tactical  operations  with 
supply  problems  is  not  difficult  to  discover.  New  tactical  orders  may 
change  the  direction  and  times  of  forwarding  supplies,  and  they  may 
also  change  the- quantity  and  character  of  the  supplies  to  be  forwarded. 
There  is  an  equally  close  connection  between  strategy  and  supply. 
The  history  of  the  development  of  strategy  is  intimately  related  to  the 
history  of  the  development  of  supply.  As  for  a  given  campaign,  the 
choice  of  objectives  and  the  general  plan  of  campaign  are  quite  likely 
to  be  largely  determined  by  the  efficiency  and  capacity  of  the  supply 
organization.  1 

33 


34  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

It  is,  accordingly,  appropriate  that  a  study  of  the  supply  organiza- 
tion of  the  modern  army  should  have  as  its  first  section  a  discussion 
of  army  operations  in  relation  to  supply.  As  a  matter  of  convenience 
the  discussion  is  centered  on  the  material  furnished  by  the  Field 
Service  Regulations  and  includes  a  treatment  of  the  significance  of 
supply. 

READINGS 

F.S.R.,  §§  9-83,  96-246.  Official  instructions  on  the  conduct  of  military 
operations. 

Rubottom,  Captain  Holland:  Questions  on  F.S.R.,  §§  9-83,  96-246. 

Tables  of  Organization,  entire.  Gives  the  numerical  relation  between  tac- 
tical and  supply  troops. 

Nash,  Capt.  Edward:  Principles  of  Strategy,  entire.  Definitions,  questions, 
and  examples  illustrating  operations. 

Johnstone,  Capt.  H.  M.:  The  Foundations  of  Strategy,  pp.  1-70.  A  discus- 
sion of  the  principles  underlying  military  operations,  with  some  refer- 
ence to  supply. 

Casserly,  Maj.  Gordon:  Tactics  for  Beginners. 

O'Ryan  and  Anderson :  The  Modern  A rmy  in  A ction,  pp.  1 10-48,  on  military 
operations  of  a  strategic  nature;  pp.  243-64,  on  security  and  informa- 
tion; pp.  265-338,  an  illustration  of  the  combined  arms  in  action. 

Aston,  George:  Sea,  Land,  and  Air  Strategy,  chaps,  ii,  iv,  and  vi.  No 
consideration  of  supply  is  attempted. 

Goltz,  Baron  von  der:   The  Nation  in  Arms,  pp.  83-277.    The  dependence 
of  military  movements  on  supply  is  brought  out  clearly. 
— :  The  Conduct  of  War,  pp.  20-192.     A  consideration  of  operations 
in  the  light  of  both  strategy  and  tactics. 

Bernhardi,  F.  von:  On  War  of  Today,  I,  pp.  212-322.  The  movement  of 
modern  armies  and  the  conditions  imposed  by  supply. 

Furse,  Col.  G.  A.:  Provisioning  Armies  in  the  Field,  pp.  1-21.  A  prelimi- 
nary statement  of  some  of  the  relations  of  supply  to  action  in  war. 

Espanet,  0.:  Notes  on  the  Supply  of  an  Army  during  Active  Operations, 
pp.  11-30.  A  technical  dissertation  on  the  problem  of  supply. 

Thorpe,  Lt.  Col.  G.  C.:  Pure  Logistics,  entire.  A  discussion  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  science  of  preparation  for  war,  particularly  with  reference 
to  staff  organization. 

\  QUESTIONS 

i.    THE  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  SUPPLY  AND  ITS  RELATION  TO  STRATEGY. 

1.  Define  strategy,  tactics,  logistics. 

2.  "Will  the  war  rule  the  system  of  supply  or  the  system  of 
supply  rule  the  war?"    How  should  you  answer  this  question? 

3.  Contrast  the  conditions  under  which  armies  operated  in  feudal 
times  with  the  condition  under  which  armies  operate  today.     Keep 
in  mind  particularly  considerations  of  supply. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          35 

\ 

4.  "Armies  today  act  briskly  and  are  of  large  dimensions."     In 
what  sense  is  this  true  ?     What  are  some  of  the  consequences  for  the 
supply  departments  ? 

5.  "The  large  proportions  of  the  modern  army  are  themselves  a 
danger."     Why  ? 

6.  "There  is  neither   strategy  nor   tactics  except  in   terms  of 
supply."     What  does  this  mean? 

7.  "Victory   sides  with   the  army  which  has  large,  numbers." 
"  Numbers  in  themselves  mean  little.     The  essential  matter  is  efficient 
co-ordination  of  a  multitude  of  different  things."     Which  statement, 
if  either,  is  correct  ? 

8.  "The  strength  of  an  army  is  bound  up  in  the  sufficiency  of  its 
supply  and  the  certainty  of  its  means  of  transport."     Harmonize  this 
with  "The  winning  of  victories  is  the  result  of  discipline,  tactics,  and 
correct  combination." 

9.  Supplying  an  army  has  been  compared  with  supplying  a  city. 
Indicate  points  of  similarity;   points  of  difference. 

10.  Make  a  list  of  the  ways  in  which  inadequate  supplies  have 
lessened  the  effectiveness  of  American  aid  to  the  Allies. 

11.  "The  Central  Powers  have  one  great  strategic  advantage  over 
the  Allies.     By  means  of  the  submarine  campaign  they  are  seriously 
endangering  the  lines  of  communication  of  the  Allies,  whereas  their 
own  lines  cannot  be  imperiled  until  their  front  is  completely  broken." 
Discuss. 

12.  Trace  in  general  outline  the  change  in  supply  methods  made 
necessary  by  the  new  policies  of  (a)  huge  armies;   (b)  stationary  war- 
fare;   (c)  increased  use  of  artillery;    (d)  replacement  of  a  series  of 
fortified  posts  by  a  continuous  system  of  trench  fortifications. 

13.  Try  to  state  in  general  terms  the  qualities  which  a  good  supply 
system  would  possess. 

14.  Enumerate  in  terms  of  supply  some  consequences  flowing 
from  the  fact  that  Germany  has  interior  lines  of  communication  and 
a  strategic  railway  system. 

15.  "The  railroad  has  made  it  possible  to  use   the  enormous 
masses  of  troops  now  engaged  in  Europe. "     Just  how  ? 

16.  Give  as  many  details  as  you  can  concerning  the  peace-time 
policies  of  the  middle  European  powers  with  respect  to  military 
transportation. 

17.  Discuss  the  following:  "  Increase  in  mobility  means  an  increase 
in  the  number  of  troops  available  for  a  given  battle."     Mobility  with 
respect  to  what  ? 

1 8.  Has  the  importance  of  transportation  increased  or  decreased 
in  modern  as  compared  with  former  warfare  ? 


36  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

ig.  "  The  necessity  of  supplying  armies  from  government  resources 
is  a  result  of  the  establishment  of  standing  armies."     Why? 

20.  "The   numerical   ratio   which    the   line   of   communications 
troops  bears  to  the  total  number  constituting  the  army  increases 
steadily  as  the  offensive  operations  carry  the  army  into  the  enemy's 
territory,  until  finally  the  troops  in  the  rear  may  exceed,  in  numbers, 
the  troops  at  the  front."     Cite  as  many  details  as  you  can  which 
enter  into  this  situation. 

21.  "The  development  of  the  system  of  magazines  or  supply 
depots  filled  and  replenished  from  the  base  freed  the  combat  troops 
from  the  problem  of  securing  supplies  from  the  zone  of  the  advance, 
but  it  robbed  them  of  mobility."     "The  modern  system  of  supply 
depots  is  the  thing  which  has  given  mobility  to  the  modern  large 
army."     Which  statement  is  true  ? 

22.  Napoleon  said:   "Troops  should  concentrate  with  the  object 
of  fighting  and  should  spread  out  to  pursue  and  subsist."     Why 
should  he  say  this?     Is  the  policy  feasible  today?    What  strategic 
objections  were  there  to  it  even  in  his  own  time  ? 

23.  "The  Field  Service  Regulations  are  worked  out  on  a  basis  of 
moving  armies  in  combat  and  have  little  value  in  stationary  warfare." 
Point  out  wherein  this  is  an  overstatement.     In  so  far  as  it  is  true, 
how  can  a  man  preparing  for  the  supply  service  meet  the  situation  ? 

24.  Has  trench  warfare  changed  the  relative  importance  of  the 
quartermaster,  ordnance,  and  engineer  supply  departments?   Do  you 
think  that  the  proportion  of  combatant  to  noncombatant  troops  has 
been  reduced  by  trench  warfare  ? 

25.  "Trench  warfare  on  its  present  scale  would  not  have  been 
possible  without  the  development  of  improved  means  of  transporta- 
tion."    Have  these  "  improvements  "  been  merely  quantitative  or  have 
they  been  qualitative  as  well  ? 

26.  "In  order  to  insure  the  greatest  mobility  and  elasticity,  an 
army  should  be  as  independent  as  possible  of  its  lines  of  communica- 
tion."    Is  this  written  in  terms  of  open  or  of  trench  warfare? 

27.  "The  supply  service  uses  up  a  large  part  of  the  enrolled 
military  strength  of  the  state."     How  large  ? 

28.  "The  supply  of  an  army  in  the  field  is  dependent  upon, 
first,  the  resources  of  the  country  forming  the  theater  of  operations, 
in  the  way  of  food,  forage,  transport,  and  communications;    second, 
on  the  time  of  year  and  the  climate;   third,  on  the  nature  of  the 
war,  whether  offensive  or  defensive;   fourth,  on  the  character,  condi- 
tion, length,  and  number  of  the  lines  of  communication;   fifth,  on 
the  rapidity  of  the  movements;    sixth,  on  the  propinquity  of  the 
enemy  and  the  temper  of  the  inhabitants."     Show  how  each  of 
these  factors  is  important. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          37 

2.  SUPPLY  AND  THE  SERVICE  OF  INFORMATION. 

1.  "  Military  information  may  be  considered  under  two  general 
heads:  (a)  that  collected  by  the  general  staff  in  time  of  peace;  (b)  that 
obtained  by  troops  in  the  field  after  the  outbreak  of  hostilities." 
What  classes  of  information  are  likely  to  be  secured  by  each  method  ? 
What  are  the  sources  of  information  in  each  case  ? 

2.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "reconnaissance"  ?     Who  perform 
reconnaissances?     How    does    tactical    reconnaissance   differ  from 
strategic  reconnaissance  ? 

3.  In  what  manner,  if  any,  does  the  information  secured  by 
reconnaissance  affect  the  calls  for  ordnance  supplies?  for  quarter- 
master supplies  ?  for  engineer  supplies  ? 

4.  Would  the  representative  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  on  the 
staff  of  the  commander  of  the  field  forces  ever  be  directly  interested  in 
the  information  obtained  by  reconnaissance  ? 

5.  What  are  patrols?     What  are  their  functions?    What  is  their 
composition  ?     Do  supply  officials  have  any  interest  in  patrols  ? 

6.  Is  it  a  matter  of  interest  to  the  services  of  supply  whether  or 
not  reconnaissance  has  to  be  pushed  far  ahead  of  the  main  body  of 
troops  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

7.  ''Information  is  of  no  value  unless  it  is  quickly  available  for 
use."     What  organization  is  set  up  in  the  United  States  Army  to 
care  for  this  situation  ? 

8.  What  are  the  methods  used  for  transmission  of  information? 
To  whom  is  information  transmitted  ?     What  supply  officers  issue  the 
various  items  of  technical  equipment  used  in  the  transmission  of 
information  ? 

9.* "No  movement  of  troops  should  be  ordered  until  some  knowl- 
edge of  the  terrain  over  which  they  are  to  operate  has  been  obtained." 
Why,  especially  from  the  point  of  view  of  supply?  How  can  such 
knowledge  be  obtained  ? 

10.  "It  would  help  officers  (at  all  events,  superior  officers)  if  they 
could  be  supplied  with  maps  on  which  the  wealth  of  the  different 
localities   is   indicated   by   means   of  conventional   signs   or  tints." 
Does  this  mean  staff  or  line  officers  ?     Would  it  be  worth  while  to 
have  the  map  arranged  according  to  kinds  or  forms  of  wealth  ? 

11.  Do  bureau  chiefs  have  to  keep  themselves  posted  concerning 
such  matters  as  the  plan  of  campaign,  the  actual  operations  of  field 
forces,  etc.  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

3.  SUPPLY  AND  THE  SERVICE  OF  SECURITY. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  service  of  security? 

2.  What  are  leading  troops  ?  flank  guards  ?  rear  guards  ?  outposts  ? 
pickets  ?  cossack  posts  ?  detached  posts  ?  examining  posts  ?  advance 
cavalry  ?  independent  cavalry  ? 


38  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

3.  What  factors  determine  the  strength  and  composition  of  an 
advance  guard  ?     What  are  the  duties  of  an  advance  guard  ? 

4.  What  are  the  general  duties  of  covering  troops  ? 

5.  What  factors  determine  the  proportion  of  a  command  which  is 
to  be  detailed  on  covering  duty  ?     Are  the  supply  problems  greater 
or  less  when  a  larger  proportion  than  usual  of  the  command  is  assigned 
to  covering  duty  ? 

6.  "The  outpost  should  be  composed  of  complete  organizations." 
Why,  from  the  line  point  of  view  ?     Why  from  the  point  of  view  of 
supply  ? 

7.  What  distance  should  be  maintained  between  the  advance 
guard  and  the  main  body?    Are  the  supply  services  affected  by 
changes  jn  this  distance  ? 

8.  An  army  is  advancing  in  four  parallel  columns,  several  miles 
distant  from  each  other.     Will  there  be  a  service  of  security  for  each 
column  or  only  one  for  the  army  as  a  whole  ? 

9.  Is  an  independent  commander  of  the  forces  assigned  to  the 
service  of  security  ?    How  are  these  forces  provided  with  supplies  ? 

10.  Will  (a)  an  advance  guard,  (6)  a  rear  guard,  (c)  an  outpost, 
contain  machine  guns?  engineers?  ambulances?  artillery?     What 
significance  have  these  problems  from  the  point  of  view  of  supply  ? 

n.  Does  trench  warfare  make  the  service  of  security  more  or  less 
important?  Discuss  the  bearing  of  your  answer  on  questions  of 
supply. 

12.  Of  what  value  can  it  be  to  an  ordnance  or  quartermaster 
sergeant  to  have  knowledge  of  what  is  meant  by  such  terms  as 
advance  cavalry,  rear  guard,  march  order,  or  independent  cavalry? 

4.    SUPPLY  AND  THE  CONDUCT  OF  MARCHES. 

1 .  What  general  principles  can  you  cite  governing  the  conduct  of 
marches. 

2.  What  is  a  march  order?     What  does  it  contain?     What  are' 
the  requirements  of  a  good  order  ? 

3.  What  are  marches  of  concentration?  practice  marches?  forced 
marches  ? 

4.  What  is  the  average  rate  of  marching  under  favorable  condi- 
tions for  the  three  arms  combined  ? 

5.  What  is  the  average  rate  of  marching  for  infantry  under 
favorable  conditions?  for  cavalry?     What  is  meant  by  favorable 
conditions  ? 

6.  "The  rate  of  advance  must  always  limit  itself  to  the  capacity 
of  the  supply  services  to  keep  up  with  it."     Is  the  capacity  of  the 
supply  services  less  than  that  of  the  infantry  ?  of  the  cavalry  ?     Is  the 
quotation  a  true  statement  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          39 

7.  What  is  the  average  load  of  a  pack-mule  ?  of  a  coolie  ?     What 
does  an  infantryman's  marching  equipment  weigh  ? 

8.  In  comparing   the   relative    efficiency  of  motor   truck,   mule 
wagon,  pack-mule,  and  coolie,  is  it  sufficient  to  compare  their  daily 
march  and  their  average  load  ?     If  not,  what  other  factors  must  be 
taken  into  consideration? 

9.  How  may  questions  of  supply  influence  the  choice  of  halting- 
places  ? 

10.  What,    in  general  terms,  are  the  duties  of  the  commanding 
officer  in  relation  to  supplies  prior  to  a  march  ? 

11.  If  roads  are  scarce,  what  means  can  be  taken  to  economize  in 
their  use  ? 

12.  How  are  field  trains  protected?     Does  your  answer  apply  to 
trench  warfare  ? 

13.  What  is  the  position  of  field  trains  in  the  order  of  a  march 
conducted  near  the  enemy  ?     Why  ? 

14.  What  does  the  term  "convoy"  mean? 

15.  What  should  the  size  and  composition  of  a  wagon  convoy  be  ? 

1 6.  Would  a  train  containing  ordnance  stores  require  the  same 
escort  as  a  train  containing  rations  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

17.  Where  water  is  scarce  or  bad,  and  therefore  has  to  be  trans- 
ported for  men  aad  animals,  who  attend  to  its  transportation  ?  to  its 
distribution  ? 

1 8.  Assume  that  you,  as  Q.M.,  have  been  designated  to  take  a 
convoy  of  seventy-five  wagons,  loaded  with  grain,  along  a  line  of  com- 
munication from  the  town  A  to  the  town  B,  a  distance  of  sixty  miles. 
The  country  which  you  are  expected  to  traverse  is  rolling  and  fairly 
open.      Small   detachments   of   enemy   cavalry   have   in    the   past 
attempted  raids  against  convoys  in  this  territory.     State  how  you  will 
organize  this  convoy,  what  personnel  and  guard  you  will  ask  for,  and 
what  length  of  time  you  expect  to  consume  in  making  the  march, 
under  the  assumption  that  good  camping  sites  along  the  route  are 
plentiful,   and   that  your  teams  have  been  in  corral  for  about  a 
month. 

19.  If  a  train  is  in  imminent  danger  of  capture,  what  should  the 
commander  do  ?     At  what  times  is  a  convoy  in  particular  danger  of 
capture  or  attack  ?     Does  your  answer  apply  to  trench  warfare  ? 

20.  "  People  talk  lightly  of  moving  columns  hither  and  thither,  as 
if  they  were  mobile  groups  of  men  who  had  only  to  march  about  the 
country  and  fight  the  enemy  wherever  found.     Very  few  understand 
that  an  army  is  a  ponderous  mass  which  drags  painfully  after  it  a  long 
chain  of  advanced  depots,  rest  camps,  and  communications,  by  which 
it  is  securely  fastened  to  a  stationary  base."     Does  this  seem  to  you 
an  accurate  statement  of  the  case  ? 


40  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

21.  "The  length  of  the  order  of  march  will  in  reality  govern  the 
degree  of  concentration  of  the  army,  and  consequently  the  greater  or 
less  difficulty  that  will  be  encountered  in  providing  the  supplies." 
Discuss. 

22.  "  It  is  in  the  nature  of  retreat  to  remove  all  impedimenta  of  the 
troops  in  the  direction  away  from  the  enemy."     Does  this  mean  that 
in  retreat  the  supply  trains  precede  the  troops  ? 

5.  SUPPLY  AND  SHELTER. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "shelter"  ? 

2.  How  are  troops  generally  sheltered  in  times  of  peace?     Can 
shelter  be  requisitioned  ?     If  so,  under  what  circumstances? 

3.  Define  or  explain  camp,  bivouac,  cantonment,  billet. 

4.  What  principles  should  govern  the  choice  of  a  site  for  a  mobili- 
zation camp  ?  for  a  concentration  camp  ?     Who  chooses  the  sites  ? 

5.  How  are  mobilization  and  concentration  camps  prepared  for 
the  reception  of  troops  ?     What  men  perform  the  work  of  preparation  ? 
What  officer  is  in  charge  of  this  work  ? 

6.  What  principles  should  govern  the  choice  of  camp  sites  in  war  ? 
Is  accessibility  to  supplies  one  of  these  ? 

7.  When  troops  are  billeted,  what  officer  is  in  charge  ?    What  are 
his  duties  ? 

8.  What  are   the  advantages  and   what   the   disadvantages  of 
billeting  ?     Do  you  think  that  billeting  is  good  policy  in  France  ? 
Why  or  why  not  ? 

9.  Name  four  essentials  of  a  good  cantonment  site. 

10.  In  what  respects  may  a  camp  site  differ  from  a  cantonment 
site? 

11.  What  area  is  necessary  for  an  infantry  division  camp?  for  an 
infantry  regiment  camp  ? 

12.  Sketch  the  arrangement  of  a  semi-permanent  camp  of  an 
infantry  regiment. 

13.  In  what  respects  does  a  cavalry  camp  differ  from  an  infantry 
camp? 

6.  SUPPLY  AND  COMBAT. 

1.  "Fire  superiority  insures  success."    To  what  extent  is  fire 
superiority  a  question  of  supply  ? 

2.  "Flanks  must  be  protected  either  by  reserves,  fortifications,  or 
the  terrain."     How  are  the  flanks  on  the  European  western  front  pro- 
tected ?    What  bearing  has  this  on  the  service  of  defense  for  the  line 
of  communications?   on  the  general  organization  of  supply  for  the 
allied  arrqies  in  France  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          41 

3.  "The  infantry  is  the  principal  and  most  important ,arm,  which 
is  charged  with  the  main  work  on  the  field  of  battle  and  decides  the 
final  issue  of  combat."     Do  you  think  this  maxim  applies  to  stationary 
warfare,  as  we  see  it  in  France  ? 

4.  Is  cavalry  adapted  to  stationary  warfare?     Has  stationary 
warfare  increased  the  need  of  engineer  troops  and  engineer  supplies  ? 
of  heavy  field  artillery  ?     In  each  case  give  reasons  for  your  answers. 

5.  What  factors  must  be  considered  in  deciding  the  plan  of  cam- 
paign after  contact  with  the  enemy  is  gained  ? 

6.  "  Depth  in  formation  for  combat,  rather  than  extension  of 
front,  is  all-important  in  the  initial  deployment."     Why  ?     Does  this 
affect  the  problem  of  supply  ? 

7.  "In  the  theater  of  possible  operations  forces  larger  than  a 
division  will  march  in  more  than  one  column  unless  the  only  routes 
available  are  such  as  would  place  the  different  columns  outside  of 
supporting  distance  of  each  other."     How  does  this  affect  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  services  of  supply  ? 

8.  "Pursuit  must  immediately  follow  victory,  and  every  effort  be 
made  to  continue  contact  with  the  enemy,  day  and  night,  up  to  the 
absolute  limit  of  physical  endurance  of  the  troops."     Does  this  indi- 
cate that  victory  puts  an  extraordinary  strain  on  the  supply  troops  ? 

9.  An  officer  of  the  French  Foreign  Legion  says:   "All  officers  of 
the  supply  service  should  study   the  elementary  rules  of  infantry 
tactics."     What  can  be  the  value  of  this  study? 

10.  "Sandbags,   corrugated   iron,   floor   boards,   ladders,   pails, 
brushes,  rubber  boots,  periscopes,  barbed  wire,  etc.,  are  known  as 
trench  stores.     These  are  deposited  in  a  convenient  place  called  the 
trench  dump."    On  what  principle  of  supply  is  this  practice  based? 

B.  Some  Aspects  of  Supply  Work. 

1.  Some  Outstanding  Functions  of  Supply. 

2.  The  Organization  of  Transmission  in  the  Theater  of  Operations, 

3.  The  British  Organization  of  Supply. 

4.  Quartermaster  Supplies  and  Their  Flow. 

5.  Railway  Transportation  Services  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

6.  Ordnance  Supplies  and  Their  Flow. 

The  material  in  chapter  i  has  furnished  the  background  for  this 
section.  We  know  the  organization  of  the  army  both  in  terms  of 
territory  and  in  terms  of  personnel.  We  know  the  organization  of 
the  particular  supply  departments  in  which  we  are  interested.  We 
shall  now  study  the  functions  and  processes  involved  in  getting 
supplies  up  to  the  fighting  units. 


42  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

i.  SOME  OUTSTANDING  FUNCTIONS  OF  SUPPLY. 

a)  Securing  Funds  (treated  in  chapter  iii) . 

b)  Procurement. 

c)  Assembly  and  Storage. 

d)  Transmission. 

e)  Issue  (treated  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  "  Quarter- 
master and  Ordnance  Supplies  and  Their  Flow,"  pp.  60-80. 

/)  Control  (treated  in  chapter  iii). 


a)  Securing  Funds  (treated  in  chapter  iii). 

b)  Procurement  (with  particular  reference  to  procurement   in   the 
theater  of  operations). 

The  first  function  involved  in  getting  supplies  to  the  fighting  units 
is  procurement.  One  form  of  procurement  is  that  of  manufacture  by 
the  government.  This  is  done  in  the  case  of  some  quartermaster 
supplies  and  with  very  many  ordnance  supplies.  With  procurement 
by  manufacture  we  are  not  concerned  in  this  book.  Another  form 
of  procurement  is  by  purchase,  either  in  the  home  territory  or  in  the 
theater  of  operations.  The  detailed  consideration  of  purchasing  is  in 
chapter  iv.  Other  forms  of  procurement  occur  primarily  in  the 
theater  of  operations  and  may  be  extended  to  include  seizure,  billet- 
ing, and  even  looting  and  pillage.  Naturally  no  self-respecting  nation 
can  countenance  these  latter  forms. 

READINGS 

Q.M.C.M.;  §§  3877-3903  deal  with  procurement  in  the  field;  §§  759,  3915-17 
deal  with  requisitioning. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Name  as  many  officials  or  bureaus  as  you  can  which  have  to 
do  with  procurement  in  the  service  of  the  interior. 

2.  What  supplies  are  manufactured  by  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 
by  the  Quartermaster  Corps?    Where  are  the  supplies  typically 
manufactured  in  each  case  ? 

3.  "The  country  will  be  turned  to  account  as  if  nothing  can  be 
expected  from  the  rear,  but  at  the  same  time  the  trains  and  the  supply 
from  the  rear  will  be  organized  as  if  nothing  can  be  obtained  from  the 
country  traversed."     Will  this  not  result  in  too  great  quantities  being 
procured  ? 

4.  Tabulate  the  reasons  for  securing  from  the  theater  of  operations 
as  large  a  proportion  of  supplies  as  is  possible. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          43 

5.  Is  there  historical  precedent  for  seizing  supplies  in  enemy  terri- 
tory ?     Outline  the  legal  considerations  in  the  case. 

6.  "Requisitions  may  be  in  kind  or  in  services."     What  does  the 
term  "requisitions"  mean  as  here  used?     Are  goods  secured  in  this 
way  paid  for  ? 

7.  Draw  up  a  statement  of  the  general  principles  governing  the 
practice  of  requisitioning  in  enemy  territory.     May  there  be  requisi- 
tioning in  friendly  territory  ? 

8.  Indicate  the  steps  to  be  followed  in  providing  for  payment  for 
goods  taken  by  requisitioning.     What  forms  are  used  ?     How  are  the 
necessary  funds  provided  ? 

9.  "We  resort  to  requisitions  for  two  essentially  different  objects: 
first,  to  meet  the  immediate  requirements  of  the  troop;    second,  to 
fill  the  magazines  in  the  rear."     This  obviously  applies  to  troops  on 
the  march.     What  functionaries  are  responsible  for  the  work  in  each 
case? 

10.  Should  you  say   that  ordnance  purchased  from  a  French 
arsenal  was  procured  in  the  theater  of  operations  ? 

11.  Is  salvage  from  the  field  of  battle  and  the  trenches  a  case 
of  "securing  supplies  from  the  theater  of  operations"? 

12.  Is  the  theater  of  operations  more  important  as  a  source  of 
supplies  to  an  army  in  motion  or  to  an  army  at  rest  ?     Why  ? 

13.  Is  the  procuring  of  a  good  water  supply  more  difficult  for  an 
army  in  motion  or  an  army  at  rest  ?     Why  ?     Is  water  a  matter  of 
quartermaster  supply  ? 

14.  What  supplies  can  the  United  States  Army  expect  to  procure 
from  the  theater  of  operations  ? 

15.  "Billeting  is  the  most  effective  means  of  securing  the  maxi- 
mum of  supplies  in  the  theater  of  operations."     What  supplies  can 
be  secured  by  billeting  ?    On  what  grounds  can  it  be  said  that  it  is 
more  effective  than  forage  or  requisition  ? 

1 6.  What  are  the  advantages  and  what  the  disadvantages  of 
billeting?    Are  there  any  special  arguments  in  favor  of  billeting  in 
France  today? 

17.  Differentiate  between  foraging,  pillaging,  looting,  and  requi- 
sitioning. 

1 8.  If  an  army  is  operating  in  a  fertile  and  productive  territory 
and  is  yet  subject  to  privations  and  want  and  scant  equipment,  what 
are  the  probable  causes  of  the  situation  ? 

19.  What  connection,  if  any,  could  the  following  persons  or  organi- 
zations have  with  procuring  supplies  from  the  theater  of  operations: 
(a)  advance  cavalry  ?  (b)  intelligence  section  of  the  staff  ?  (c)  patrols  ? 
(d)  quartermaster  of  a  field  army?  (e)  quartermaster  of  a  line  of 
communications  ? 


44  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

c)  Assembly  and  Storage  (see  also  chapter  v). 

Supplies  procured  either  in  the  service  of  the  interior  or  in  the 
theater  of  operations  must  be  assembled  and  stored.  Modern  war  is 
a  greedy  destroyer,  and  its  destruction  at  times  assumes  such  propor- 
tions that  previous  accumulation  is  absolutely  essential.  Speaking  in 
general  terms,  our  present  policy  of  caring  for  this  situation  involves 
(i)  inducing  manufacturers  to  increase  their  storage  of  finished  war 
goods,  (2)  increase  and  utilization  of  warehouse  and  storage  facilities 
in  private  hands,  (3)  increase  of  storage  facilities  at  existing  arsenals 
and  depots,  (4)  provision  for  storage  facilities  at  camps  and  ports  of 
embarkation  and  transmission,  (5)  provision  for  storage  facilities  at 
the  base,  at  advanced  bases,  at  rail-heads,  at  field  supply  depots,  and 
at. trench  dumps.  Taken  as  a  whole,  it  is  a  series  of  connected  reser- 
voirs, great  and  small. 

The  provisional  plans  for  an  ordnance  depot  for  cantonments 
(see  page  45)  are  interesting  in  this  connection. 

READINGS 
A.R.,  §§  1001-2,  1511. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  organizations  have  charge  of  assembling  supplies  for 
troops  in  the  field  ? 

2.  What  bureau  or  unit  has  charge  of  storehouses  for  (a)  ammu- 
nition ?  (b)  clothing  ?  (c)  subsistence  stores  ? 

3.  Who  has  charge  of  the  construction  of  storehouses  for  (a) 
quartermaster  goods  ?  (b)  ordnance  material  ? 

4.  What  are  the  types  of  storage  facilities  provided  at  semi- 
permanent camps  for  quartermaster  supplies  ? 

5.  How  is  ordnance  material  stored  at  a  semi-permanent  camp? 

6.  Is  there  any  striking  difference  between  storing  in  the  service 
of  the  interior  and  in  the  service  of  the  theater  of  operations  ? 

7.  What  precautions  should  you  take  with  regard  to  the  pro- 
tection from  fire  of  storehouses  and  other  buildings  for  which  you  are 
responsible  ? 

8.  How  is  ammunition  stored  in  the  theater  of  operations  ?    What 
is  an  ammunition  dump  ?  a  trench  dump  ? 

9.  "  Regimental  storehouse  space  is  needed  by  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  only."     Why  or  why  not  ? 

IQ.  "Theoretically,  no  stock  is  carried  in  the  regimental  store- 
houses. Practically,  there  will  always  be  some  items  temporarily 
stored  there  awaiting  final  disposition."  From  these  statements, 
what  do  you  consider  to  be  the  function  of  the  regimental  storehouse  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          45 


46  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

11.  "In  the  great  military  nations  on  the  continent  of  Europe 
armament  and  equipment  are  not  stored  in  centralized  supply  depots, 
but  are  decentralized  by  being  stored  in  local  barracks  or  depots  in 
every  town."     Cite  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  this  arrange- 
ment.    Should  you  expect  the  same  procedure  to  be  followed  with 
regard  to  subsistence  stores  ?     Give  the  reason  for  your  answer. 

12.  Storage  has  been  highly  developed  in  business  practices.     Is 
it  possible  to  carry  over  into  army  work  any  of  the  general  principles 
which  have  been  evolved  ? 

13.  Make  a  diagram  showing  the  various  reservoirs  of  ordnance 
material.     Indicate  the  organization  of  the  more  important  personnel 
involved.     Do  the  same  in  the  case  of  quartermaster  material. 

d)  Transmission. 

i.  Ar;ny  Transport  Service. 

ii.  Rail  Transport, 
iii.  Mdtor  Transport, 
iv.  Wagon  Transport. 

v.  Pack  Transport. 

From  a  military  point  of  view  transportation  of  both  men  and 
material  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  The  fighting  forces  must  be 
moved  and  must  be  supplied.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  transportation 
branch  of  the  army  not  only  to  see  that  they  have  in  their  possession 
the  materials  necessary  to  the  winning  of  victories,  but  also  to  see 
that  they  have  out  of  their  possession  all  those  things  which  hinder 
the  winning  of  victories. 

Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  strain  on  the  transmission 
agencies  may  be  secured  by  asking  ourselves  what  would  be  involved 
in  moving  to  Europe  a  city  of  500,000  to  i  ,000,000  persons  and  then 
maintaining  them  there. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  1000-1001,  1101-15.     Basic  regulations  for  transmission. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  3005-17,  on  the  several  trains  and  columns. 

Shannon,  Maj.  R.  E. :  Transportation  of  Troops  by  Rail.     A  lecture  delivered 

in  Tune,  1017,  to  officers  of  the  Q.M.R.C.,  amplifying  the  material  in 

Q.M.C.M. 
Baker,  Maj.  C.  B . :  Transportation  of  Troops  and  Materiel,  entire.     A  general 

treatment  of  all  modes  of  transportation  used  in  war. 

WATER   TRANSPORT 

U.S.  Quartermaster  Corps:    United  States  Army  Transport  Service  Regula- 
tions, 1914. 
— :   United  States  Harbor  Boat  Service  Regulations,  1914. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          47 

RAIL   TRANSPORT 

Baker,  Lt.  Col.  C.  B.:  Handbook  of  Transportation  by  Rail  and  Commercial 
Vessels,  entire.  A  technical  manual. 

Pratt,  E.  A.:  Rise  of  Rail  Power  in  War  and  Conquest^  1833-1914, 
pp.  vii-xii,  1-53,  62-121,  149-231,  345-60.  A  broad  historical  con- 
sideration of  the  influence  of  railroads  on  war. 

Connor,  Maj.  W.  D.:  "Military  Railways,"  U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers, 
Professional  Papers  No.  32,  pp.  5-6,  96-105.  The  operation  of  military 
railways. 

International  Military  Digest  Annual,  1916,  pp.  511-15.  Railroad  transpor- 
tation in  the  present  war. 

Bernhardi,  F.  von:  On  War  of  Today,  I,  pp.  140-63.  Discussion  of  motor 
and  railroad  transportation  in  war. 

Park,  W.  S.:  Railways  as  a  Part  of  a  System  of  National  Defense,  entire. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  a  railroad  man. 

Scientific  American,  CXIV,  pp.  302-3  (March  18,  1916).  Accomplishments 
of  the  German  military  railway  organization. 

MOTOR   TRANSPORT 

Baker,  Lt.   Col.   C.  B.:    Motor  Transportation  for  the  Army,  entire.     A 

lecture  covering  the  main  considerations,  given  before  members  of  the 

Q.M.R.C.  in  May,  1917. 
Wyatt,  H.  E.:   Motor  Transports  in  War,  entire.     A  book  dating  from  the 

first  months  of  the  present  war. 
U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:   Motor  Transport  in  Campaign, 

entire.     A  study  of  the  possibilities  of  this  form  of  transport. 
International  Military  Digest  Annual,  1916,  pp.  73-75,  472-83.     Articles  on 

motor  transport,  chiefly  with  reference  to  the  present  war. 
Scientific  American,  CXIV,  p.   582   (June  3,   1916).     Standardization  of 

motor  trucks. 

Ibid.,  CXIII,  pp.  398-9  (November  6,  1915).  Subsidy  systems  for  motors. 
Ibid.,  CXV,  pp.  242-3  (September  9,  1916).  Repair  trucks  for  field  service. 
Ibid.,  CXIV,  p.  423  (April  22,  1916).  Civilian  motor  trucks  in  an  Army 

trial  contest. 
Ibid.,  CXIV,  p.  644  (June  17,  1916).     A  trial  mobilization  by  motor, of  the 

New  York  National  Guard. 
Literary  Digest,  LII,  pp.  1488-90  (May  20,  1916).     A  motor-truck  company 

in  Mexico. 
Scientific  American,  CXV,  pp.  118-19  (August  5,  1916).     The  use  of  motors 

in  the  Mexican  campaign. 
Ibid.,  Supplement,  LXXIX,  PP-   280-82   (May  i,  1915).     This  and  the 

following  five  references  deal  with  the  use  of  motor  transport  in  the 

present  war  in  Europe.     Most  of  the  articles  are  illustrated. 
Ibid.,  LXXXII,  pp.  66^-67,  86-87  (July  29  and  August  5,  1916). 
Scribner's,  LVII,  pp.  185-200  (February,  1915). 
Scientific  American,  CXII,  pp.  8-9  (January  2,  1915). 
Ibid.,  CXV,  pp.  38-39  (June  8,  1916). 
Ibid.,  CXII,  p.  138  (February  6,  1915). 


48  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Scientific  American,  CXV,  p.  305  (September  30,  1916).     Mechanisms  for 

tractors. 

Ibid.,  CXV,  322-23  (October  7,  1916).     Armored  tractors. 
Q.M.C.M.,  §§  3254-3341.     Regulations  for  motor  companies. 

WAGON   TRANSPORT 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  3080-3162,  regulations  for  wagon  trains;   Appendixes  14-41 

to  58,  illustrations  of  the  outfit  for  wagon  trains. 
Baker,  Lt.  Col.  C.  B.:    Wagon  Transportation  for  the  Army,  entire.     A 

lecture  delivered  before  members  of  the  Q.M.R.C.  in  May,  1917,  giving 

detailed  information  on  the  handling  of  wagon  transportation. 
International  Military  Digest  Annual,  1916,  pp.  396-97,  the  status  of  the 

horse  in  the  present  war. 

PACK   TRANSPORT 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  3163-3240,  regulations  for  pack  trains. 

Daly,  W.  H.:    Manual  of  Pack  Transportation  (1916).     A  general  history 

of  pack  transportation  and  a  manual  of  instruction. 

— :  Pack  Transportation  for  the  Army,  entire.     A  lecture  outlining  the 

essential  features  of  pack  transport,  given  before  members    of  the 

Q.M.R.C.  in  May, '1917. 
Scientific  American,  Supplement,  LXXXI,  p.  372    (June  10,  1916).     An 

illustrated  description  of  a  mule  pack  for  mountain  artillery. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  "The  main  difficulty  with  the  transport  is  ordinarily  the  want 
of  sufficient  time  to  organize  it."     What  do  you  think  the  word 
"organize"  includes,  as  here  used? 

2.  "Transport  difficulties  increase  in  geometrical  rather  than  in 
arithmetical  proportion  as  an  army  gets  farther  away  from  a  given 
source  of  supply."    What  facts  give  color  to  such  a  statement? 

3.  Contrast  the   transportation  problems  involved   (a)   in   the 
service  of  the  interior  and  in  the  theater  of  operations;    (b)  in  the 
zone  of  the  advance  and  in  the  line  of  communications. 

4.  Make  a  list  of  the  various  items  in  the  traffic  along  roads  in 
the  zone  of  the  advance  moving  in  the  direction  of  the  army  front. 
Make  a  similar  list  for  traffic  moving  toward  the  rear. 

5.  What  are  some  of  the  measures  taken  to  enforce  economy  in 
the  use  of  roads  in  the  theater  of  operations  ?    Whose  duty  is  it  to 
enforce  those  measures  ? 

6.  "  For  the  satisfactory  building  and  repair  of  roads  and  bridges 
a  special  service  will  be  required. "     What  comprises  the  personnel 
of  such  a  service  ?     May  it  include  civilians  ?  prisoners  of  war  ? 

7.  In  the  line  of  communication  in  France  today  what  organiza- 
tion, in  your  opinion,  is  responsible  for  providing  transportation  for 
General  Pershing's  army  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          49 

8.  What   does    the    Army   Transport    Service    include?     What 
department  or  bureau  furnishes  the  ships  used  by  the  transport 
service  ?     Are  the  vessels  chartered  or  owned  by  the  government  ? 

9.  Who  may  travel  in  army  transports  ?    Are  animals  and  troops 
carried  aboard  the  same  vessel  ?     Is  there  any  general  principle  gov- 
erning the  matter  ? 

10.  What  officers  are  in  charge  of  the  embarkation  of  troops?  of 
the  debarkation  of  troops  ?  of  the  loading  of  animals  aboard  a  trans- 
port? 

1 1 .  Will  supplies  for  the  troops  in  France  be  carried  in  army  trans- 
port ships  wholly,  or  will  private  vessels  under  military  or  civilian 
control  be  used  as-  well  ? 

12.  May  an  enlisted  man  decide  for  himself  what  baggage  he  will 
bring  aboard  an  army  transport  ?  a  commissioned  officer  ?     Why  or 
why 'not,  in  each  case  ? 

13.  Who  are  the  important  officers  aboard  each  transport  ?    What 
is  the  nature  of  their  duties  ? 

14.  Who  is  responsible  for  the  discipline  and  conduct  of  troops 
on  board  a  transport  ? 

15.  What  officials  decide  whether  convoys  shall  be  provided  for 
transports  ?    When  transports  are  under  convoy,  who  has  authority 
over  the  vessels  ? 

16.  What  kind  of  boats  are  used  in  the  Harbor  Boat  Service? 
Describe  the  nature  of  the  work  performed  by  the  Harbor  Boat 
Service.     Under  whose  control  are  the  Harbor  Service  boats?     Is 
there  any  connection  between  the  Army  Transport  Service  and  the 
Harbor  Boat  Service  ? 

17.  Define  or  explain:  siege  railroads;  military  railroads;  supply 
railroads;  strategic  railroads;  light  railroads. 

1 8.  What  are  the  strong  points  of  railroad  transportation  for 
war  purposes  ?  the  weak  points  ? 

19.  How  do  railways  compare  with  canals  as  a  war  instrument? 
with  rivers  ?  with  dirt  roads  ? 

20.  "The  most  powerful  means  of  auxiliary  transport  available 
for  military  operations  in  any  western  country  are  its  railways."     Has 
this  been  confirmed  by  the  experience  of  the  warring  nations  in  the 
present  conflict? 

21.  "Railways  have  practically  done  away  with  the  necessity  of 
animal  transport  for  the  modern  army."     How  far  is  this  true? 

22.  Name  some  European  countries  which  have  taken  over  the 
operation  of  their  railroads  for  military  purposes.     Do  you  think  that 
they  could  have  secured  just  as  efficient  results  by  another  method  ? 
Why  or  why  not  ? 


50  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

23.  Do  you  think  that  this  country  will  assume  the  control  of  the 
railways  for  military  purposes  ?    Has  anything  been  done  to  increase 
the  war-work  efficiency  of  our  railroads  ? 

24.  "A  single- track  railroad  can  handle  only  about  fifty  trains  a 
day  in  one  direction,  and  after  an  army's  arrival  a  steady  supply  of 
food,  ammunition,  and  recruits  must  be  forwarded  to  maintain  the 
fighting  strength  of  the  army."     Can  you  argue  from  this  that  the 
railway  facilities  at  hand  determine  the  size  of  an  army  ? 

25.  Enumerate  some  of  the  differences  between  military  and  civil 
railroad  practices.    When  is  a  service  of  military  railways  organized  ? 

26.  "A  common  error  is  to  think  of  the  railroad  for  war  purposes 
as  so  many  miles  of  main  line.     In  truth,  one  must  think  quite  as 
much  of  terminals,  yards,  spurs,  switches,  and  sidings."     Explain  why. 

27.  What  bureaus  care  for  the  supply  of  motor  vehicles  for  our 
army? 

28.  What  are  the  advantages  of  motor  transportation?     Cite 
cases  where  the  use  of  automobiles  in  the  transportation  of  troops 
had  a  pronounced  effect  on  results  of  battles. 

29.  What  are  the  drawbacks  connected  with  motor  transporta- 
tion? 

30.  Which  has  proved  the 'best  general-purpose  vehicle  in  the 
present  war,  steam  tractors  or  the  internal  combustion  motor  trucks  ? 
Why?    For  what  purposes  are  steam  tractors  better  suited  than 
motor  trucks? 

31.  Give  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  so-called  light 
and  heavy  trucks.     Of  the  two  which  one  is  coming  into  greater 
favor  with  the  army  ?     Under  what  conditions  is  each  used  ?     When 
are  trailers -used  ? 

32.  From  the  war  front  there  has  come  much  talk  in  regard  to 
standardization  of  the  army  motor  truck.     Why  is  standardization 
necessary  ?    What  are  some  of  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its 
immediate  realization? 

33.  Prior  to  the  war  how  did  the  various  belligerents  go  about  the 
matter  of  procuring  motor  trucks  for  military  purposes  ? 

34.  What  have  we,  in  this  country,  done  toward  adopting  and 
building  a  "standard  army  type  motor  truck"? 

35.  What  types  of  trucks  has  the  Quartermaster  Corps  adopted? 

36.  Describe  the  test  to  which  the  Quartermaster  Corps  subjects 
the  trucks  submitted  by  the  various  manufactories  before  accepting 
them  as  suitable  for  military  use. 

37.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "park"?    What  different  kinds 
of  parks  are  there  ?    Tell  the  purpose  of  each. 

38.  What  provisions  are  made  for  the  repair  and  replacement  of 
damaged  trucks  on  the  Western  front  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          51 

39.  To  what  bureau  has  been  delegated  the  duty  of  supplying  our 
army  with'  wagon  transportation  ?     Describe  the  different  kinds  of 
animal  and  wagon  equipment  which  they  have  provided. 

40.  What  are  the  advantages  of  wagon  transportation  over  other 
methods  of  transportation  ?  the  disadvantages  ? 

41.  "Motor  trucks  are  being  substituted  wherever  possible  for 
animal-drawn  vehicles,  and  relatively  few  'wagon   trains'   will  be 
used  in  Europe."     "The  figures  recently  made  for  our  service,  pro- 
viding for  the  first  million  men  to  be  raised,  would  indicate  that  the 
proportion  will  be  approximately  one  animal  to  each  four  men." 
Reconcile  these  two  statements. 

42.  For  what  purposes  are  wagons  used  in  our  army  today  ?    To 
what  units  are  they  attached  ? 

43.  Is  the  matter  of  repairs  to  wagons  as  complex  and  difficult 
a  problem  as  the  matter  of  repairs  to  automobiles  ?     Why  or  why 
not? 

44.  Sketch  the  probable  facilities  which  will  be  set  up  for  the 
repairing  of  wagons  in  the  various  trains.     Do  you  suppose  there  will 
be  established  any  such  thing  as  "wagon  parks"? 

45.  What  are  the  relative  merits  of  the  mule,  the  horse,  and  the 
motor  ambulance  ?    Have  the  animal  ambulances  been  discarded  on 
the  Western  front  ? 

46.  Do  motor  or  animal  transport  vehicles  make  the  greater 
demands  on  the  roads  for  a  given  amount  of  transportation  ? 

47.  "One  consideration  of  vital  importance  is  that  of  the  stand- 
ardization of  the  army  wagon."     What  considerations  make  stand- 
ardization of  such  great  importance  ? 

48.  Describe  the  escort  wagon.     What  load  will  it  carry  ? 

49.  Compare    the    relative    demands    upon    the    transportation 
facilities  made  by  horses  and  mules  (a)  for  their  own  transport  by 
land  and  water ;   (b)  for  the  transport  of  their  forage  and  equipment. 

50.  Under  what  circumstances  is  pack  transportation  employed  ? 

5 1 .  What  is  the  average  load  of  a  pack  mule  ?    How  many  miles 
does  the  pack  mule  ordinarily  cover  in  a  day  ?     What  use  is  made 
of  pack  mules  in  the  present  war  ? 

52.  Is  there  but  one  type  of  pack  saddle  ?    What  is  an  aparejo  ? 
Of  what  does  it  consist  ? 

53.  What  is  the  standard  equipment  furnished  a  pack  train  com- 
pany today  ?     To  what  arm  of  the  service  are  pack  trains  typically 
attached  ?     Of  what  does  the  personnel  of  a  pack  company  consist  ? 

54.  Compare  in  terms  of  (a)  radius  of  action,  (b)  mobility,  (c) 
rapidity  of  operation,  (d)  certainty  of  arrival,   (e)   calculability  of 
load,  the  following  means  of  transportation:  railroad;   wagon  trans- 
port;  motor  transport;  pack  train;   Chinese  coolie. 


52  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

2.  THE   ORGANIZATION    OF   TRANSMISSION    IN    THE   THEATER    OF 
OPERATIONS. 

The  general  mechanics  of  supply  structures,  if  one  may  speak  in 
such  terms,  are  not  widely  different  among  modern  armies.  Dia- 
grams of  the  various  structures  look  much  alike.  There  are,  however, 
considerable  differences  in  the  esteem  in  which  supply  work  is  held 
and  considerable  differences  in  the  philosophies  of  organization. 
Naturally,  the  various  nations  have  been  much  influenced  by  the 
character  of  the  military  operations  they  have  experienced. 

The  system  of  the  United  States  Army  shows  the  influence  of 
years  of  peace-economy  policy,  small  military  operations,  and  long, 
rapid  movements  with  ordinary  quantities  of  supplies. 

We  have  examined  the  organization  of  the  army  which  supply  is 
to  serve;  we  have  seen  something  of  how  military  operations  affect 
supply;  we  have  in  mind  the  general  framework  of  the  organization 
of  the  main  supply  departments;  we  know  the  main  functions  per- 
formed in  supplying.  The  next  task  is  that  of  understanding  the 
organization  of  transmission  in  the  theater  of  operations.  We  shall 
then  be  in  a  position  to  study  some  details  of  supply  service  operations 
without  being  confused  concerning  what  lies  back  of  the  details. 

The  following  diagram  will  be  of  assistance  in  keeping  the  general 
framework  of  the  matter  before  us : 

;<-Zone  of  the  line  of  communications->;<-Zone  of  the  advance-^ 


Territory  h  Base  XXXXXXX 

HH  rr>  rn  ^  ft  &  &  ;>  hq  Q 

PI    s! 

§  IT 

5' 


READINGS 

Tables  of  Organization  1917,  for  the  organization  of  supply  companies. 
F.S.R.,  §§  269-385.     The  principal  source  of  information  on  the  subject. 
Q.M.C.M.,  §§3005-17  deal  with  supply  trains;  x§§  3082-3341  with  services 

performed  by  the  several  trains. 
"Seen  at  the  Front,"   World's  Work,  XXXIII,  pp.  602-22.     Photographs 

and  diagrams. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          53 

Sharpe,  H.  G. :  The  Provisioning  of  the  Modern  Army  in  the  Field,  pp.  59-79. 

Solutions  of  problems  presented  in  supplying  a  moving  army. 
Bernhardi,  F.  von:    On  War  of  Today,  I,  Appendixes  I-IV.     Diagrams 

illustrating  the  solution  of  supply  problems. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Define  or  explain:   supply  column;   supply  train;   field  train; 
combat  wagon;   regimental  train;   divisional  train. 

2.  What  are  the  two  elements  of  a  field  train?     Which  element 
needs  refilling  most  frequently  ? 

3.  The  English  speak  of  first,   second,  third,  and  fourth  line 
transport.     The  ranking  is  according  to  the  relative  intimacy  of  the 
connection  with  the  men  in  the  line  of  battle.     Try  to  work  out  what 
parts  of  our  "  transport "  correspond  to  each  of  these  English  rankings. 

4.  Are  the  ammunition,  supply,  sanitary,  and  engineer  columns 
part  of  the  zone  of  the  advance  or  of  the  line  of  communications  ? 
What  is  the  case  of  the  ammunition,  supply,  sanitary,  and  engineer 
trains  ?    What  is  the  case  of  the  field  trains  ?  the  combat  trains  ? 

5.  What  kinds  and  quantities  of  supplies  are  carried  by  the  com- 
bat wagons,  regimental  trains,  divisional  trains,  and  the  so-called 
columns  ? 

6.  Define    advance    depot,   refilling    point,   distributing    point, 
rendezvous  point;   and  explain  their  relation  to  each  other.     Place 
them  on  the  diagram,  at  the  beginning  of  this  section  (page  52). 

7.  Can  a  situation  develop  in  which  neither  supply  trains  nor 
supply  columns  will  be  used  ?  in  which  one  may  be  used  and  not  the 
other  ? 

8.  "The  function  of  combat,  field,  ammunition,  supply,  sanitary, 
and  engineer  trains  is  to  keep  the  commands  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached at  all  times  ready  for  action  without  hampering  their  freedom 
of  movement."     Show  that  this  is  an  assembling  industry  process. 
What  is  meant  by  saying  these  operations  are  comparable  with  the 
work  of  a  gang  boss  under  the  Taylor  system  ?     Is  there  a  "planning 
room"  for  the  army  ?     What  kind  of  " time-study"  is  there  ? 

9.  "The  commander  of  the  ammunition  train  is  the  immediate 
subordinate  of  the  divisional  artillery  commander  after  the  ammuni- 
tion train  has  been  released  from  the  control  of  the  commander  of  the 
trains."    Why  is  this  appropriate?    On  what  occasions  does  this 
releasing  occur  ? 

10.  Why  are  the  regulations  so  explicit  concerning  unauthorized 
vehicles  or  supplies  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  ? 

1 1 .  Who  is  the  commander  of  trains  ?     What  are  his  duties  ? 
What  is  the  composition  of  his  command?     Who  is  his  immediate 
superior  ? 


54  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

1 2 .  Who  is  in  command  of  the  supply  columns  ? 

13.  State  what  you  believe  to  be  the  proper  order  in  column  from 
head  to  rear  of  the  several  trains,  assuming  that  the  division  is  on  a 
march  to  the  front  and  not  likely  to  be  engaged  in  action.     Give  your 
reasons,  for  the  proposed  arrangement. 

14.  What  change  in  organization  of  the  supply  service  should  take 
place  upon  entrance  of  the  division  into  conflict  ? 

15.  "It  is  apparent  that  to  build  a  railway  into  the  immediate 
presence  of  active  operations  will  reduce  the  mobility  of  the  army, 
which  can  be  preserved  by  wheel  and  pack  transportation  only." 
Why  or  why  not  ? 

1 6.  "In  the  long  run,  the  average  daily  progress  of  a  modern  army 
cannot  be  greater  than  the  length  of  field  railway  that  can  be  laid  and 
completed  for  traffic  in  one  day."    Is  this  true  ? 

17.  "There  must  be  a  relative  adjustment  between  the  equipage 
and  stores  and  supplies  to  be  provided  and  the  amount  of  transport 
to  be  furnished."    Whose  duty  is  it  to  provide  this  adjustment  in 
the  United  States  Army  ? 

18.  If  transportation  is  not  available  for  all  the  supplies,  stores, 
etc.,  requested,  upon  whom  falls  the  duty  of  deciding  how  the  avail- 
able transportation  shall  be  used  ? 

19.  What  are  some  of  the  reasons  for  the  variations  in  the  number 
of  wagons  and  wagon  companies  attached  to  the  various  arms  of  the 
service  ? 

20.  How  many  wagons  make  up  the  combat  train  and  field  train 
(both  baggage  and  rations)  attached  to  a  regiment  ? 

2 1 .  How  many  sections  are  there  to  a  wagon  company  ?    What 
is  "the  record  of  property  transported"? 

22.  Who  make  up  the  personnel  of  a  section  of  a  wagon  company  ? 
What  equipment  does  this  personnel  operate  ? 

23.  Name  some  of  the  duties  of  the  various  members  of  the 
personnel  of  a  wagon  company.     What  is  the  property  book  ?    What 
use  is  made  of  Q.M.C.  form  248  ? 

24.  What  determines  whether  wagon  companies  or  motor 'com- 
panies shall  be  used  ? 

25.  Name  the  various  kinds  of  motor  transportation  companies 
provided  for  the   United  States  Army.     Have   all  of  these   com- 
panies the  same  organization  both  from  the  standpoint  of  equipment 
and  of  personnel  ? 

26.  To  what  units  are  motor  trucks  attached  ? 

27.  Give  the  personnel  of  a  motor  truck  company.     What  is  a 
motor  truck  battalion  ? 

28.  Of  what  does  the  equipment  of  a  motor  truck  company  con- 
sist? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          55 

29.  Are  the  engineer,  sanitary,  ammunition,  and  supply  trains 
each  composed  of  the  same  number  of  motor  trucks  ? 

30.  What  is  a  supply  company  ?     Is  there  any  relation  between 
a  supply  company  and  a  field  train  or  a  supply  train  ? 

3 1 .  How  many  supply  companies  are  there  in  an  infantry  division  ? 

32.  State  some  of  the  regulations  laid  down  in  Q.M.C.M.  con- 
cerning the  administration  and  duties  of  wagon  train  crews. 

33.  What  do  you  think  of  this  statement:  " There  is  no  provision 
in  our  Tables  of  Organization  for  separating  the  actual  transportation 
of  supplies  [referring  to  the  work  of  the  divisional  trains  in  supplying 
the  regimental  trains]  from  the  duty  of  issuing  the  supplies  themselves. 
It  is  believed  that  a  separate  personnel  should  be  provided  for  the 
latter  purpose." 

34.  Whose  function  is  it  to  organize  and  operate  the  ammunition 
service  ? 

35.  Is  the  ammunition  train  under  the  control  of  the  commander 
of  trains  (a)  all  the  time  ?     (b)  at  any  time  ? 

36.  Chart  the  progress  of  a  case  of  explosives  from  the  base  to 
the  battery  which  is  to  use  it. 

•37.  Are  there  any  circumstances  in  connection  with  ammunition 
service  which  make  it  differ  radically  from  the  rations  service  ? 
.     38.  Estimate  the  number  of  four-wheel  drive  motor  trucks  neces- 
sary to  transport  a  5  days'  supply  of  garrison  rations  for  20,000  a 
distance  of  150  miles.     Explain  method  of  calculation. 

39.  A  field  army  (of  two  divisions)  has  advanced  from  A  one  hun- 
dred miles  to  B  via  railroad  and  is  now  in  line  of  battle  one  mile  beyond 
B.     Draw  diagrams  illustrating  how  this  army  will  probably  be  sup- 
plied with  rations.    Assume  that  it  is  eight  miles  beyond  B  and  con- 
struct corresponding  diagrams.     Assume  that  it  is  forty  miles  beyond 
B  and  construct  your  diagrams.     Work  out  as  many  different  hy- 
potheses concerning  the  situation  as  you  can. 

40.  Work  out  for  ammunition  the  problems  raised  by  the  preced- 
ing question. 

41.  Assume  the  following  facts:   (a)  the  strength  of  the  infantry 
division  will  follow  the  Tables  of  Organization,  1917;  (b)  wagon  trains, 
not  motor  transport,  are  to  be  used;  (c)  fifteen  miles  per  day  is  a  good 
average  performance  for  a  mule  team ;   (d)  there  is  no  danger  of  inter- 
ference by  the  enemy;  (e)  the  ration  concerned  weighs  3  Ibs.;  (/")  high- 
ways are  good  dirt  roads  except  as  specified.     Work  out  answers  to 
the  following  problems : 

i.  What  is  the  minimum  number  of  rations  for  men  which  must  go 

forward  daily  ? 
ii.  What  number  of  freight  cars  must  go  forward  daily  to  the  rail 

head  to  carry  these  rations  ? 


56  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

iii.  What  is  the  probable  method  of  distribution  to  the  army  ? 
iv.  What  number  of  wagons  will  be  necessary  in  each  of  the  follow- 
ing cases  ? 

Case  I.  The  division  is  within  one  mile  of  the  rail  head. 
Case  II.  The  division  is  thirteen  miles  from  the  rail  head. 
Case  III.  The  division  is  thirty-nine  miles  from  the  rail  head. 
The  roads  for  nine  miles  back  of  the  army  are  con- 
siderably  torn   up.     The   remaining   thirty   miles 
are  in  good  condition. 

42.  Who  controls  the  service  of  military  railways?     Discuss  the 
composition  of  his  staff.     What  is  his  relation  to  the  commander  of 
his  line  of  communications  ? 

43.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  military  controlling  staff  ?     Is  it 
composed  of  both  civilians  and  military  officers?     What  are  the 
functions  of  an  assistant  director  of  railways  ? 

44.  How  is  the  work  of  reconstruction  at  the  rail  head  ordinarily 
handled? 

45.  Discuss  combat  railways  and  supply  railways  from  the  stand- 
point of  place ;  of  use;  of  kinds  of  railway  equipment  used. 

46.  What  forms  are  used  when  freight  is  shipped  over  our  military 
railways  ?    Are  waybills  used  on  military  railways  ? 

3.  THE  BRITISH  ORGANIZATION  OF  SUPPLY. 

No  attempt  will  be  made  to  master  the  English  organization  of 
supply.  Its  study  is  introduced  at  this  point  solely  for  purposes  of 
comparison  and  as  a  means  of  indicating  what  one  nation  regarded 


Base 

Advanced 
Base 

it  expedient  to  do  under  the  conditions  of  the  Western  front.  Since 
several  features  were  borrowed  from  the  French,  one  might  almost  say 
two  nations  have  regarded  this  organization  expedient. 

The  chart  of  physical  features  shown  above  will  be  found  helpful. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          57 

READINGS 

Ward,  Lt:  Col.  E.  W.  D.:  Army  Service  Corps  Duties  in  Peace  and  in  War, 
entire.  A  technical  discussion  of  the  staff  of  the  British  Army,  includ- 
ing organization,  supply  service,  and  paperwork.  It  is,  however, 
obsolete  in  its  details. 

Thomas,  Col.  A.  H. :  Methods  of  Feeding  Troops  in  War,  entire.  A  lecture 
on  the  principles  of  supply  with  special  reference  to  the  ante-bellum 
British  system. 

Puckle,  Lt.  Col.  F.  T.:  The  Army  Service  Corps  of  the  British  Army,  entire. 
Lectures  delivered  to  officers  of  the  Q.M.R.C.  in  May,  1917.  A  state- 
ment of  the  present  British  organization  of  supply. 

Heron,  Col.  T.:  The  Ordnance  Department  of  the  British  Army,  entire.  A 
lecture  delivered  in  May,  1917,  before  members  of  the  Q.M.R.C.,  con- 
taining many  facts  of  interest  concerning  the  problems  of  supply  on 
the  European  Western  front. 

Sweeny,  Capt.  Charles:  Remarks  on  Supply  Organization  of  the  French 
Army  from  the  Viewpoint  of  an  Infantry  Officer.  A  lecture  given  before 
officers  of  the  Q.M.R.C.  in  May,  1917,  by  a  member  of  the  French 
Foreign  Legion. 

Thomas,  A.  H.:  Methods  of  Feeding  Troops  in  War.  A  lecture  on  the 
British  subsistence  methods. 

QUESTIONS 

1 .  How  does  the  English  Army  use  the  following  terms :  ordnance  ? 
transport  ?   transportation  ?  supply  service  ? 

2.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  Army  Service  Corps?    Of  what 
elements  does  it  consist  ? 

3.  Outline  the  headquarters  organization  of  the  Army  Service 
Corps  in  France. 

4.  What  troops  in  the  United  States  Army  correspond  to  the 
Army  Service  Corps  ? 

5.  Distinguish  between  " staff  officers"  and  " administrative  staff 
officers." 

6.  What  is  meant  by  "Q"  staff  of  an  army?    Are  they  "staff 
officers  "  or  "  administrative  staff  officers  "  ?    What  are  their  duties  ? 

7.  What  is  the,  relation  of  the  Quartermaster  General  to  the  Direc- 
tor of  Supply  and  Transport  at  the  War  Office  ? 

8.  How  does  the  War  Office  arrive  at  the  supply  requirements  of 
the  various  armies  ?     Discuss  the  part  played  by  the  "  nightly  letter." 

9.  Show  on  a  map  of  Northwestern  France  the  main  bases,  the 
subsidiary  bases,  and  the  lines  of  communication  of  the  British  Army. 

10.  Are  supplies  shipped  from  the  dispatching  supply  depots  in 
England  to  the  army  in  France  stored  in  the  base  supply  depots  before 
being  forwarded  to  the  advance  bases  ?    Why  or  why  not  ? 


58  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

11.  Distinguish  shipping  "in  bulk"  and  shipping  "in  detail." 
What  supplies  are  shipped  "in  detail"  ? 

12.  How  great  a  stock  of  supplies  and  forage  is  kept  at  the  advance 
bases  ? 

13.  How  are   the  various  administrative  branches  notified  of 
impending  tactical  or  strategical  moves  ?    Is  such  action  necessary  ? 

14.  What  is  the  "standard  pack"  ?    What  is  the  principle  under- 
lying it  ? 

15.  Do  the  divisional  supply  trains  come  directly  to  the  rail 
heads  for  the  replenishment  of  their  supplies?    If  not,  how  are  they 
linked  up  ? 

1 6.  How  are  the  local  resources  of  the  country  utilized  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  line  of  communications  ? 

"17.  What  is  the  regulating  station?  What  corresponds  to  it  in 
American  railroad  terminology  ?  What  services  are  performed  by  the 
regulating  stations  ?  What  is  a  section  train  ? 

1 8.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  rail  head  dump  ?  of  the  field  supply 
depot  ?  of  the  advanced  post  ?  the  general  purpose  dump  ?  the  trench 
dump  ?    • 

19.  Distinguish  between  the  field  supply  depot  and  the  special  war 
dump  ?    When  and  where  is  the  latter  established  ? 

20.  What  are  the  duties  of  a  salvage  company  ?     Is  this  company 
a  part  of  the  Army  Service  Corps? 

21.  "There  is  in  the  English  organization  one  base  depot  for  the 
mechanical  transport,  at  Rouen,  and  in  this  are  controlled  the  immense 
number  of  spare  parts  for  the  20  or  25  different  makes  of  lorry,  and 
for  the  caterpillars,  tractors,  cars,  and  bicycles."     Does  not  this 
centralization  contradict  other  statements  about  the  decentralization 
of  the  English  supply  service  ?    How  do  you  account  for  the  contra- 
diction ? 

22.  "The  strain  on  the  mechanical  transport  is  very  severe  and 
replacements  are  hard  to  obtain  for  a  variety  of  reasons."    List  the 
reasons. 

23.  "The  strain  on  the  horse  transport  in  the  case  of  an  advance 
is  yet  greater  than  that  on  mechanical  transport."    Why  ? 

24.  What  use  is  made  of  pack  transport  by  the  British  in  France  ? 

25.  Why  does  the  British  supply  organization  take  from  the  unit 
smaller  than  a  division  all  transport  allotted  for  baggage  and  supplies 
and  centralize  it  into  a  divisional  train  ? 

26.  Explain  the  organization  and  purposes  of  the  base  horse  trans- 
port depot  and  the  advanced  horse  transport  depot. 

27.  "On  each  line  of  communications  there  is  also  an  advanced 
mechanical   transport  depot."    What  are   the   functions  of  these 
depots  ?    How  many  of  these  are  there  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          59 

28.  What  is  the  mechanical  transport  central  pool  ?     Who  is  in 
charge  ?     How  is  it  used  ? 

29.  What  is  a  corps  ammunition  pack  ?     What  is  a  subpack  ? 
How  is  ammunition  transported  to  the  subpack  ?  from  the  subpack  ? 
Discuss  the  organization  and  purpose  of  a  siege  pack. 

30.  "  Heavy  batteries  have  certain  mechanical  transport  attached 
to  them  which  forms  an  ammunition  column."     "When  the  situation 
is  such  that  ammunition  cannot  be  got  by  mechanical  transport  to 
the  guris,  the  divisional  ammunition  columns  and  the  gun  teams 
themselves  are  called  upon  to  take  the  ammunition  from  where  the 
mechanical  transport  is  halted  to  the  guns  themselves."     Are  these 
statements  contradictory  ? 

/  31.  How  far  is  accountability  carried  in  the  British  Army  in 
France?  If  accountability  for  supplies  is  not  required,  does  that 
mean  that  records  need  not  be  kept  ?  How  does  a  record  differ  from 
an  account  ? 

32.  Give  from  the  English  supply  organization  as  many  illustra- 
tions as  you  can  of  each  of  the  following:    (a)  f unctionalization ; 
(b)  standardization;   (c)  concentration  of  control  and  decentralization 
of  execution;   (d)  specialization. 

33.  In  operations  of  so  huge  a  scale  as  those  of  the  present  war, 
what  are  the  particular  advantages  of  standardization  ?    of  decen- 
tralization ? 

34.  "Routing,  equipment,  transport  material,  packing,  stowing, 
timing,  all  must  be  standardized  if  the  services  of  supply  are  to  work 
effectively."     Point  out  the  advantages  of  standardization  in  each 
instance. 

35.  Cite  a  few  illustrations  of  supply  service  where  a  system  which 
makes  provision  for  normal,  special,  and  emergency  situations  would 
be  helpful. 

36.  Wrhat  are  some  of  the  specialized  divisions  into  which  the 
supply  organization  should  be  broken  up  for  purposes  of  administra- 
tion ? 

37.  Would  it  be  advisable  in  your  opinion  to  have  one  official, 
such  as  Quartermaster  General,  at  the  head  of  all  the  services  of  supply 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  ?  of  the  Army  alone  ?     Would  such  centraliza- 
tion at  the  head  be  inconsistent  with  a  great  degree  of  decentralization 
in  the  lower  ranks  ? 

38.  "It  is  idle  to  imagine  that  any  fixed  rules  can  ever  guide  the 
supplying  of  an  army  in  the  field.     Elasticity  of  measures,  common 
sense,  readiness  of  resource,  and  courage  to  incur  responsibilities  are 
at  the  bottom  of  an  efficient  supply  service."     Does  this  mean  that 
there  is  no  need  of  a  supply  officer's  studying  supply  organization  ? 


60  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

4.  QUARTERMASTER  SUPPLIES  AND  THEIR  FLOW. 

The  purposes  of  this  section  are  two.  One  of  these  purposes  will 
have  been  accomplished  if  we  secure  a  working  knowledge  of  the 
elements  which  make  up  quartermaster  supplies  and  can  trace  the 
channels,  both  physical  and  personal,  which  these  elements  follow  in 
passing  from  the  shop  of  the  producer  to  the  private  in  the  ranks.  The 
other  purpose  will  have  been  accomplished  if  we  come  to  regard  this 
flow  of  supplies  as  a  large  and  complicated  matter  which  necessitates 
careful  control.  Such  an  attitude  will  prepare  the  way  for  the  work 
on  responsibility  and  accountability  in  chapter  iii. 

The  organization  of  the  quartermaster  work  in  the  line  of  com- 
munications is  shown  in  the  accompanying  chart,  which  is  based  on  a 
chart  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  School  connected  with  the 
Philadelphia  Depot. 

READINGS 

A.  R.,  §§  1000-1253,  1308-10.     (Consult  also  A.K.  changes.) 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  2176-2853,  3877-3917,  operations  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps;  Appendix  3,  tables  of  maximum  and  minimum  equipment; 
Appendix  4,  specifications  for  subsistence  stores;  Appendix  14,  illustra- 
tions of  equipment;  Appendixes  15-17,  plans  for  camps. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  85,  1914,  §319,  definition  of 
field  service  and  of  "A"  "B"  "C"  Equipment.  Reprinted  in 
().M.CJf.,§2i93;  inBaird:  "A  '.'  "B"  "C"  Equipment  for  a  Company 
of  Infantry;  and  in  U.S.  War  Department:  Compilation  of  General 
Orders,  Circulars,  and  Bulletins,  i88i-igi$. 

Baird,  Lt.  R.  C.:  "A"  "B"  "C"  Equipment  for  a  Company  of  Infantry, 
entire.  A  detailed  list  of  all  equipment,  including  quartermaster 
supplies,  used  by  a  company  in  field  service. 

Conley,  Maj.  E.  T.:  Field  Equipment  Manual  for  Individuals  and  Organiza- 
tions of  an  Infantry  Regiment.  Tables  showing  source  and  amount  of 
equipment  used  by  the  units  of  a  regiment  under  the  Act  of  1916. 

U.S.  Army  Service  Schools:  A  Study  in  Staff  Supply,  entire.  Problems  in 
the  work  of  furnishing  quartermaster  supplies. 

Espanet  O.:    The  Supply  of  an  Army  during  Active  Operations. 
The  theory  and  practice  of  subsistence  supply. 

Sharpe,  Brig. -Gen.  H.  G.:  The  Provisioning  of  a  Modern  Army  in  the  Field, 
entire.  A  thoughtful  statement  of  principles,  illustrated  by  problems 
in  appendixes. 

— :  "Subsisting  Our  Field  Army  in  Case  of  War  with  a  First-class 
Power,"  Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institution  of  the  United  States, 
XLIV,  pp.  335-58,  and  XLV,  pp.  82-100  (May-June,  1909).  An 
estimate  of  the  problems  in  subsistence  supply  arising  from  foreign  war. 

Furse,  Col.  G.  A.:  Provisioning  Armies  in  the  Field,  pp.  259-99.  A  state- 
ment of  the  principles  of  subsisting,  with  reference  to  past  wars. 

Holbrook,  Capt.  L.  R.:  The  Mess  Officer's  Assistant,  entire.  A  handbook 
for  those  concerned  in  handling  the  ration. 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          61 


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62  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Holbrook  and  Dunne:    Handling  the  Straight  Army  Ration  and  Baking 

Bread,  entire.     A  recipe  book  for  army  cooks. 
U.S.  War  Department:  Manual  for  Army  Cooks,  1916,  entire.    A  technical 

manual  of  instruction. 
:   Manual  for  Army  Bakers,  1916,  entire.     Instructions  for  baking 

bread. 

How  to  Feed  an  Army,  entire.     Full  of  detailed  information  of  a 


practical  nature,  but  too  old  to  be  entirely  trustworthy. 
Fair,  Capt.  J.  S.:   The  Supply  of  Animals  for  the  Army,  entire.     A  lecture 

delivered  in  July,  1917,  to  members  of  the  Q.M.R.C.,  dealing  with  the 

problems  involved  in  shipping  and  caring  for  horses  and  mules. 
U.S.  War  Department:    Manual  for  Farriers,  Hdrseshoers,  Saddlers,  and 

Wagoners  or  Teamsters,  1914,  entire.    Instructions. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Enumerate  the  main  tasks  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

2.  The  Quartermaster  Corps  furnishes  "supplies"  and  "services." 
Define   these   terms.     Particularly,   differentiate   between   personal 
service  and  non-personal  service.     What  are  the  classes  of  supplies  ? 
of  services  ? 

3.  What  are  the  purposes  of  these  classifications?     Someone  has 
referred  to  them  as  "identification"  and  "facilitating"  and  "account- 
ing" devices.     What  does  this  mean? 

4.  What  is  the  relation  between  requisitions  and  the  classification 
of  quartermaster  supplies  ? 

5.  James  Black  is  a  civil-service  clerk  in  the  quartermaster  office 
at  Fort  Sheridan.     Are  his  services  personal  or  non-personal  ? 

6.  The  Bell  Telephone  Company  has  a  contract  with  the  quarter- 
master at  Fort  Y —  for  furnishing  telephonic  communication  between 
Fort  Y —  and  an  adjoining  town.     Is  this  a  personal  or  a  non-personal 
service  ? 

7.  Under  whose  authority  are  services,  both  personal  and  non- 
personal,  obtained  in  the  zone  of  advance  ?  in  the  line  of  communica- 
tions ? 

8.  Define    or    explain    subsistence    stores;     ration;     authorized 
issues;  exceptional  articles;  sales  articles;  clothing  allowance;  extra 
issues;    savings;    commutation  of  rations;    equipage;    liquid  coffee 
allowance;    garrison   ration;    travel  ration;    reserve   ration;    field 
ration;    emergency  ration;    reimbursement  issues;    Equipment  C; 
garrison  equipment;  gratuitous  issues. 

9.  Name  the  more  important  constituents  of  the  several  army 
rations. 

10.  What  is  a  ration  return  ?     Who  makes  it  out  ?     May  rations 
be  issued  to  civilian  employees  of  the  Army  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          63 

11.  Are  fresh  subsistence  stores  normally  kept  in  stock  ?     Why  or 
why  not  ? 

12.  How  do  the  subsistence  stores  in  the  hands  of  the  post  quarter- 
master get  into  the  hands  of  the  company  cook  ? 

13.  Howas  cooking  done  in  the  field  ?  by  organizations  or  individ- 
uals ?     Which    method    is    the    more    desirable  ?     What    are    field 
kitchens  ?  rolling  kitchens  ?     How  are  they  kept  supplied  with  food  ? 

14.  "Bakery  companies  will  be  established  for  war  service  at 
the  rate  of  one  to  each  division."     Do  you  find  any  provision  in  the 
tables  of  organization  of  a  division  for  a  bakery  company  ? 

15.  What  number  and  what  types  of  field  ranges  should  be  pro- 
vided for  a  regiment  of  infantry  at  war  strength,  assuming  that  issues 
are  made  according  to  rated  capacity  of  ranges  ? 

1 6.  What  bakery  equipment  and  personnel  is  considered  suitable 
for  a  regiment  ? 

17.  On  a  campaign  what  is  the  usual  amount  of  rations  carried 
(a)  on  each  man  ?  (b)  in  the  ration  section  of  the  field  train  1,  (c]  in 
the  supply  train  ?    Is  there  any  "usual"  amount  ? 

1 8.  What  practice  obtains  in  the  issue  of  fresh  bread  to  troops 
in  campaign  ? 

19.  The  "savings  privilege"  ceases  to  operate  in  field  service. 
Does  this  mean  that  the  food  will  consist  of  only  such  things  as  are 
in  the  regular  ration  ? 

20.  Are  ration  returns  employed  in  the  theater  of  operations  ? 

21.  Pvt.  O — ,  Corregidor,  P.  I.,  is  granted  a  furlough  for  three 
months,  with  permission  to  visit  the  United  States.     He  leaves  his 
station  January  15,  1917,  and  arrives  in  San  Francisco  on  the  morning 
of  February  15,  1917.     He  was  subsisted  on  the  transport  January  15 
to  February  14,  inclusive.     He  reports  to  the  commanding  officer, 
Casual  Camp,   Fort  McDowell,   California,  from  furlough  on  the 
morning  of  May  14,  1917.     Compute  the  commutation  of  rations 
to  which  he  is  entitled. 

22.  In  what  ways  can  a  post  quartermaster  obtain  supplies? 
What  has  he  to  do  with  prescribed  maxima  and  minima  ? 

23.  "A  post  quartermaster  is  the  manager  of  a  small-size  branch 
department  store,  and  he  must  satisfy  the  wants  of  his  customers — 
the  soldiers  at  the  post."     Is  this  a  good  analogy  ? 

24.  How  does  the  post  quartermaster  obtain  funds  ?     What  uses 
has  a  post  quartermaster  for  funds  ? 

25.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  work  done  by  the  quartermaster 
depots?     How  do  they  supply  the  fighting  forces?     Do  they  issue 
their  stocks  directly  to  the  men,  or  is  there  an  intermediate  distributing 
mechanism  ? 


64  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

26.  Distinguish  carefully  between  additions  to  stock  at  a  depot 
and  replenishments  of  stock.     How  are  funds  obtained  by  the  depot 
for  each  ? 

27.  How  does  a  general  supply  depot  in  the  service  of  the  interior 
replenish  its  stock  when  depleted  by  requisitions  from  the  base  depot  ? 

28.  Certain  depots  specialize  in  particular  kinds  of  goods;   e.g., 
the  Philadelphia  Depot  in  clothing.     Who  prescribes  and  oversees 
this  specialization  ? 

29.  Do  quartermaster  depots  on  the  line  of  communications  in 
filling  normal  routine  requirements  demand  that  the  field  forces 
submit  formal  requisitions  therefor  ?    Why  or  why  not  ? 

30.  Who  determines  the  maximum  and  minimum  quantities  of 
the  various  articles  to  be  kept  on  hand  at  the  various  depots  in  the 
theater  of  operations  ? 

31.  How  do  advance  depots  obtain  .the  supplies  which  they  are 
called  upon  to  furnish  ? 

32.  What  measures  were  taken  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  prior 
to  the  war  to  assure  the  United  States  Army  an  adequate  supply 
of  good  horses  ?     Were  these  measures  effective  ? 

33.  How  is  the  country  divided  for  the  purchase  of  animals? 
What  personnel  makes  up  animal-purchasing  boards  ? 

34.  What  is  done  with  worn-out  orjnjured  horses  still  capable  of 
service  ? 

35.  How  are  horses  and  forage  obtained  by  the  depots  in  the  line 
of  communications  ? 

36.  Under  ordinary  conditions  what  amount  (gallons)  of  water  is 
required  per  day  by  a  mule  ?  by  a  horse  ?  What  rationing  provisions 
are  made  for  draft  animals  ?    How  often  are  animals  watered  and  fed 
in  garrison  ?   in  the  field  ? 

37.  What  are  the  duties  of  a  veterinarian  in  connection  with 
remount  depots?    To  what  corps  do  veterinarians  belong?     Can 
they  be  commissioned  officers  ? 

38.  What  is  the  organization  of  an  auxiliary  remount  depot  ? 

39.  "All  quartermaster  supplies  intended  for  field  services  will, 
when  practicable,  be  packed  in  boxes  38X19X15  inches."     What 
reasons  can  you  give  for  this  regulation  ? 

40.  "Much  is  said  about  the  supplying  of  an  army,  but  little  is 
heard  about  the  removal  of  worn-out  materials,  unserviceable  supplies, 
etc."    Is  this  latter  problem  of  much  importance  in  regard  to  quarter- 
master supplies  ?    If  so,  in  regard  to  what  articles  ? 

41.  When  new  patterns  of  clothing  are  prescribed,  what  is  done 
with  the  remaining  stock  of  the  old  patterns  ?    What  use  is  made  of 
unserviceable  clothing  capable  of  repair  handed  in  in  exchange  for 
new  issues  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          65 

42.  How  are  waste  products,  such  as  empty  crates,  scrap  metal, 
etc.,  disposed  of  in  the  service  of  the  interior?    in  the  theater  of 
operations  ? 

43.  What  is  the  standard  fuel?     What  is  meant  by  the  terms 
"  b.t.u. "  ?     What  steps  does  the  quartermaster  take  to  secure  analyses 
of  coal  ? 

44.  What  are  the  allowances  of  fuel  to  officers  and  enlisted  men 
occupying  public  quarters  ?  in  camp  ? 

45.  Does  the  Quartermaster  Corps  supply  any  sales  articles  in  the 
theater  of  operations  ? 

46.  Does  the  "Infantry  Unit  Accountability  Equipment"  include 
any  quartermaster  articles  ? 

47.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  so-called  "supply  and  allowance 
tables"?     Do  you  think  that  supply  and  allowance  tables  are  used 
in  the  zone  of  the  advance  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

48.  Explain  in  detail  the  more  immediate  responsibilities  and 
duties  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  during  periods  of  action  at  the 
front. 

49.  In  the  service  of  the  interior  one  does  not  hear  very  much 
about  the  division  quartermaster.     Why  not  ?     What  are  the  duties 
of  the  division  quartermaster  in  the  theater  of  operations  in  relation 
to  supply  ? 

50.  In  the  theater  of  operations  what  man  is  responsible  for  the 
pay  of  the  troops  ? 

51.  What  is  the  manner  in  which  funds  for  the  operation  and 
maintenance  of  the  troops  in  the  field  are  supplied  ? 

52.  Contrast  the  method  by  which  troops  are  supplied  in  the 
theater  of  operations  with  the  method  by  which  they  are  supplied 
in  the  service  of  the  interior. 

53.  "The  general  plan  of  operation  and  the  base  having  been 
decided  upon,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  to 
sketch  out  a  plan  of  the  measures  which  will  have  to  be  taken  to  insure 
the  regular  provisioning  of  the  army."     What  are  some  of  the  factors 
which  must  be  considered  in  this  plan  ? 

54.  Would  a  decision  of  the  General  Staff  (a)  to  purchase  a  large 
proportion  of  its  heavy  artillery  from  France;  (b)  to  equip  the  men 
with  trench  helmets,  free  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  the  service  of 
the  interior  from  any  duties  ? 

55.  Are  officers  and  enlisted  men  permitted  to  take  along  articles 
in  addition  to  the  class  of  equipment  designated  ?     If  so,  is  transporta- 
tion afforded  for  such  articles  ? 

56.  Is  the  regimental  supply  officer  a  line  or  a  staff  man  ?     Is  the 
company  supply  sergeant  a  member  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps? 


66  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Does  he  look  after  quartermaster  supplies  only?     If  not,  what  are 
his  other  duties  ? 

57.  Has  the  regimental  supply  officer  any  control  of  the  field 
train  ?    To  whom  does  the  field  train  deliver  supplies  ? 

58.  Is  the  regimental  supply  officer  a  subordinate  of  the  division 
quartermaster?    When  would  a  regimental  supply  officer  send  a 
requisition  to  a  division  quartermaster  ?   to  a  quartermaster  depot  ? 
Has  the  division  quartermaster  any  control  of  the  division  trains  ? 
To  whom  does  the  divisional  tra  in  deliver  supplies  ? 

59.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  company  commanding  officer  to 
the  company  supply  sergeant  ?  of  the  regimental  commander  to  the 
regimental  supply  officer  ? 

60.  Do  the  company  supply  sergeant  and  the  regimental  supply 
officer  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  function  as  do  the  same  officers  in 
the  service  of  the  interior  ? 

61.  Are  the  officers  in  charge  of  the  supply  columns,  supply  trains, 
and  field  trains  members  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  ?     Draw  a  chart 
showing  their  position  in  relation    to   the    quartermasters  in   the 
service  of  the  theater  of  operations. 

62.  Differentiate  between  a  unit  supply  officer,  a  regimental  unit 
supply  officer,  and 'a  regimental  supply  officer. 

63.  Under  what  conditions  will  the  regimental  unit  supply  officer 
perform  the  duties  of  the  regimental  ordnance  officer?   of  the  regi- 
mental supply  officer  ? 

64.  How  does  the  regimental  supply  officer  know  how  much  and 
what  kinds  of  supplies  are  needed  by  the  companies  in  his  regiment  ? 
How  does  he  distribute  these  supplies  to  the  fighting  forces,  i.e.,  what 
men  are  involved  in  this  distributive  process  ? 

65.  State  the  manner  in  which  the  regimental  supply  officer 
obtains  supplies.     Does  he  have  money  accountability?    property 
accountability?    If  so,  for  what  kind  of  property  is  he  account- 
able? 

66.  How  does  each  company  obtain  its  allowance  of  equipage? 
Are  there  any  limits  set  regarding  the  amount  of  equipage  which  a 
company  can  draw  ? 

67.  Sketch  the  organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  from  the 
Quartermaster  General  to  the  company  supply  sergeant  in  the  service 
of  the  theater  of  operations. 

68.  Sketch  the  organization  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  from 
the  Quartermaster  General  to  the  company  supply  sergeant  in  the 
service  of  the  interior. 

69.  "Commissioned  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  will  be 
designated  by  the  War  Department,  upon  the  recommendation  of 
the  Quartermaster  General,  for  duty  with  technical  and  administrative 
staff  of  divisions  and  higher  units,  and  of  the  line  of  communications; 


THE  SUPPY  SERVICE  OF  THE   MODERN  ARMY 

ORGANIZATION  OF  QUARTERMASTER  WORK  FOR  A  FIELD  ARMY 


67 


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68  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

and  by  the  Quartermaster  General  for  duty  with  division  supply 
trains,  with  supply  columns  of  the  line  of  communications,  and  with 
depots  thereof."  What  is  accomplished  by  this? 

70.  Is  a  soldier  captured  by  the  .enemy  entitled  to  receive  his 
regular   pay,    subsistence,   and    allowance    for    the   period    of   his 
captivity  ? 

71.  Assume  that  cook  J.  P.  Doe,  Quartermaster  Corps,  was  tried 
before  a  special  court  martial  convened  at  Ft.  Bradey,  Michigan,  by 
competent  authority;    he  was  found  guilty.     The  sentence  read  as. 
follows:   "To  be  reduced  to  the  grade  of  private  and  to  forfeit  two- 
thirds  of  his  pay  per  month  for  three  months."     (a)  Assume  that  you 
were  quartermaster  under  whom  cook  Doe  is  serving  and  that  the 
proceedings,  findings,  and  sentence  of  above-mentioned  court  were 
approved  by  the  reviewing  authority;   what  action  would  you  take 
on  receipt  of  order  promulgating  sentence  ?     If  action  includes  any 
letter,  draft  it.     (b)  Assume  that  you  receive  this  order  on  the  thirty- 
first  of  the  month,  just  prior  to  muster.     In  what  grade  will  you  carry 
cook  Doe  ? 

72.  Assume  that  you  are  quartermaster  at  the  Presidio,  California, 
and  that  there  exists  a  vacancy  for  corporal  (painter),  to  which  grade 
you  desire  to  promote  Pvt.  J.  K.  Roe.     Draft  the  letter  you  would 
write  to  have  him  appointed. 

73.  What  items  of  clothing  are  issued  to  men  ?     State  the  manner 
in  which  the  enlisted  man  obtains  his  clothing.     What  limits  are  there 
on  the  quantity  of  clothing  that  he  may  draw?     Must  he  pay  for 
his  clothing  ? 

74.  Have    the    terms    "initial"    and    "yearly   allowance"    any 
application  in  the  present  method  by  which  clothing  is  distributed  ? 
Why  or  why  not  ? 

75.  Is  clothing  in  the  possession  of  enlisted  men  their  property  ? 
Is  any  record  kept  of  the  clothing  drawn  by  each  man?    Why  or 
why  not  ? 

76.  Does   a  post   or   camp   quartermaster   obtain   clothing  by 
requisition  or  by  purchase  ?     What  form  does  he  use  ?     What  forms 
are  used  in  issuing  clothing  to  a  company  ?  to  an  individual  ? 

77.  In  the  service  of  the  interior  to  whom  does  the  company 
send  a  requisition  for  supplies  or  equipment?     To  whom  does  the 
regiment  send  ?  the  post  ?     Who  signs  the  requisition  in  each  case  ? 

78.  In  the  theater  of  operations  to  whom  does  the  company  send 
a  requisition  for  supplies  or  equipment  ?     To  whom  does  the  regiment 
send  ?  the  division  ?     Who  signs  the  requisition  in  each  case  ? 

79.  If  an  advance  depot  cannot  fill  a  requisition,  what  action  does 
it  take  ?     If  a  depot  in  the  service  of  the  interior  cannot  fill  a  requisi- 
tion, what  action  does  it  take  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          69 

80.  A  depot  in  the  line  of  communications  fills  a  requisition.     To 
whom  is  it  likely  to  invoice  property  ?     Over  what  means  of  transpor- 
tation ? 

81.  Be  able  to  explain  the  accompanying  chart  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  School  of  the  Philadelphia  Depot  on  the  organization 
of  quartermaster  work  for  a  field  army  (page  67). 

5.  RAILWAY  TRANSPORTATION  SERVICES  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER 
CORPS. 

The  general  survey  of  means  of  transmission  has  already  been 
made.  So  much  of  modern  transmission  is  by  rail,  and  so  much  of 
the  work  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  is  concerned  with  rail  trans- 
mission, that  a  separate  discussion  is  advisable. 

A  considerable  proportion  of  the  questions  of  this  section  is  taken 
from  the  correspondence  lessons  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  School 
connected  with  the  Philadelphia  Depot. 

READINGS 

Ripley,  W.  Z. :  Railroads:    Finance  and  Organization,  chaps,  x,  xi. 
Strombeck,   J.   F.:    Freight  Classification,  entire.     Principles  underlying 

classification. 
Johnson  and  Huebner:   Railroad  Traffic  and  Rales,  I,  pp.  97-123,  331-42. 

Rate  determination  and  commercial  railroad  forms. 
McPherson,  L.  G. :  Railroad  Freight  Rates,  chaps,  vii,  viii,  and  xv. 
American  Railway  Association — Special  Committee  on  National  Defense: 

Bulletins  i-D  (April-,  1917).    Co-operation  of  commercial  railroads 

with  the  government  in  war  time. 

A.R.,  §§  1116-45.     Railroads  and  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 
Q.M.C.M.,   §§  3342-3699,  on  details  of  army  transportation,   including 

paperwork;    App.  2,  routing  data;    App.   5-2,  weight  and  forms  of 

standard  snipping  packages;    App.  7  to  9,  land-grant  railroads,  with 

maps. 

F.S.R.,  §§  386-410,  dealing  with  transportation  of  troops  by  rail. 
Connor,  Maj.  W.  D.:  "Military  Railways,"  U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers, 

Professional  Paper  No.  j2,  rev.  'ed.,  1917,  pp.  5-6,  96-105,  155-59. 

The  operation  of  military  as  distinct  from  commercial  railways. 
Shannon,  Maj.  R.  E.:   Transportation  of  Troops  by  Rail,  entire.     This  and 

the  two  following  lectures  were  delivered  before  members  of  the 

Q.M.R.C.  during  June,  1917.     A  discussion  of  methods  used,  illus- 
trated by  a  problem  in  transportation. 

— :    Transportation  of  Supplies  for  the  Army,  entire.     A  sketch  of  the 

paperwork  connected  with  transportation. 
:  Land-Grant  Railroads  and  Their  Relation  to  the  Government  Trans- 


portation, entire.     A  sketch  of  the  system  of  land  grants  and  the  present 
situation. 


70  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  with  respect 
to  providing  transportation  for  the  army  ?  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  ? 

2.  What   methods   of   transportation   are   utilized   in   the   area 
embraced  by  the  service  of  the  interior?     Should  you  classify  the 
bulk  of  this  transportation  as  military  or  civil  transportation  ?     Why 
or  why  not  ? 

3.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  department  quartermaster  with 
respect  to  transportation  ?  of  the  depot  quartermaster  ?  of  the  post 
quartermaster?  of  the  Quartermaster  General?    What  is  the  office 
organization  which  cares  for  transportation  matters? 

4.  What  is  the  place  of  the  quartermaster  depot  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  transportation  work  ? 

5.  Can  the  Quartermaster  Corps  be  called  upon  to  transport 
supplies  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture  ? 

6.  What  is  the  purpose  of  a  freight  classification?    Name  the 
important  freight  classifications  in  this  country.    To  what  territory 
is  each  applicable  ? 

7.  If  you  were  given  a  copy  of  the  official  classification,  could  you 
tell  what  it  would  cost  to  ship  one  hundred  pounds  of  sugar  from 
New  York  to  Chicago  ? 

8.  What  is  a  class  tariff  ?  a  commodity  tariff  ? 

9.  You  are  quartermaster  at  a  post  and  desire  to  make  a  shipment 
by  freight.     Having  found  the  commercial  rate,  will  you  necessarily 
know  the  rate  to  be  paid  by  the  government  ?     If  not,  how  could  you 
find  out  the  rate  which  the  government  must  pay  ? 

10.  Should  the  quartermaster  apportion  his  shipments  among 
several  different  roads,  if  there  is  more  than  one  route  possible;   or 
should  all  shipments  be  made  by  the  same  line  ?     Why  ?     What  are 
the  factors  involved  here  ? 

11.  "In  so  far  as  government  transportation  is  concerned,  the 
railroads  which  receive  aid  from  the  government  may  be  properly 
divided  into  four  classes."    What  are  these  classes  and  what  does 
each  class  provide  in  the  way  of  reducing  transportation  charges  on 
government  shipments  ? 

12.  "It  is  not  necessary  to  route  government  business  over  the 
land-grant  lines  themselves  in  order  to  secure  the  benefit  of  land- 
grant  rates."     Explain  this  statement. 

13.  What,  in  terms  of  its  purposes,  is  a  bill  of  lading?    What 
kinds  of  bills  of  lading  are  there  ?     What  is  the  purpose  of  a  way  bill  ? 
What  is  a  freight  or  expense  bill  ? 

14.  Describe  a  government  bill  of  lading.     How  many  parts  has 
it  ?     What  facts  are  shown  on  the  bill  of  lading  ?     Does  it  serve  the 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          71 

same  purpose  as  the  ordinary  commercial  bill  of  lading  or  does  it 
show  some  additional  facts  ? 

15.  Can  the  consignee  obtain  a  shipment  without  presenting  a 
bill  of  lading  ? 

16.  What  records  are  kept  of  the  number  of  bills  of  lading  issued  ? 

17.  Assume  that  4  carloads  of  public  property  are  shipped  on 

government  bill  of  lading.     They  arrive  at  destination,  Camp  X , 

Pennsylvania.     The  quartermaster  receives  instruction  to  forward 

supplies  intact  to  Camp  Y ,  New  York.     Assuming  that  the  seals 

of  the  cars  have  not  been  broken  and  that  you  have  received  the  bill  of 
lading,  could  the  property  be  forwarded  to  Camp  Y—    -  without  the 
issuance  of  another  bill  of  lading  ?     If  so,  how  could  this  be  effected  ? 

1 8.  How  do  you  arrange  to  secure  prompt  delivery  of  property 
in  case  the  bill  of  lading  has  not  been  received  by  you  ? 

19.  You  are  quartermaster  at  Camp  Grant.     Your  supply  of  the 
standard  bills  of  lading  is  exhausted,  and  you  are  required  to  make  an 
immediate  shipment  of  property  at  public  expense.     What  is  your 
action  ? 

20.  Capt.  J ,  5th  Cavalry,  is  transferred  from  Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania,  to  Washington,  D.C.     He  has  the  following  goods: 
30  crates  household  furniture  weighing  3,000  pounds;  4  bundles  rugs 
weighing  400  pounds;    5   barrels  dishes  weighing   700  pounds;     i 
authorized  private  mount.     What  do  you  require  of  Capt.  J ? 

21.  State  in  detail  how  you  prepare,  mark,  and  dispose  of  the 

various  copies  of  the  bill  of  lading  on  which  Capt.  J 's  goods  are 

shipped.     What  report,  if  any,  will  you  make  ? 

22.  Quartermaster  Sgt.  J ,  on  duty  at  Philadelphia,  Penn- 
sylvania, is  ordered  to  change  station  to  San  Francisco,  California,  and 
applies  to  you  as  quartermaster  for  transportation  on  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,     (a)   What  do  you  require  before  issuing  the  request  ? 
(b)  What  do  you  do  with  this  ?     (c)  What  transportation  do  you  issue 
to  him  ?     (d)  What  disposition  do  you  make  of  the  papers  and  what 
report  do  you  make,  assuming  that  this  is  the  only  transportation 
issued  during  the  month  ? 

23.  What  action  should  a  quartermaster  follow  in  case  a  bill  of 
lading  on  which  public  property  is  shipped  is  lost  in  transit  ? 

24.  You  have  four  carloads  of  government  property  (clothing)  to 
ship  on  a  government  bill  of  lading.     Is  it  correct  to  bill  as  "4  cars 
clothing"  ?     If  not,  what  is  necessary  ? 

25.  " Property  shipped  will  be  turned  over  on  an  invoice  in  tripli- 
cate."    Tell  what  becomes  of  each  of  these  copies. 

26.  When  troops  are  moved  by  rail  and  their  destination  is  not 
known,  what  disposition  is  made  of  the  original  bill  of  lading  covering 
the  shipment  of  troop  equipment  ? 


72  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

27.  Two  carloads  of  horses  are  shipped  on  government  bill  of 
lading,  and,  according  to  live  stock  contract,  two  attendants  are  to 
be  transported  free.     Pvts.  John  Brown,  Bert  Black,  and  Daniel  Green, 
6th  Cavalry,  are  ordered  to  accompany  the  shipment.     State  what 
notation  should  be  made  on  the  bill  of  lading  with  reference  to  the 
attendants,  and  whether  or  not  you  would  issue  a  transportation 
request  for  the  additional  attendant. 

28.  What  are  transportation  requests  ?     How  are  they  obtained 
by  quartermasters  ?  by  those  desiring  transportation  ? 

29.  Explain  the  use, of  Forms  200,  169,  151,  and  203  in  accounting 
for  transportation  requests, 

30.  For  what  classes  of  transportation  are  transportation  requests 
issued  ?     How  many  copies  of  a  request  are  usually  made  ? 

31.  Can  an  officer  who  has  no  accountability  obtain  transportation 
requests  for  other  than  his  own  personal  use  ? 

32.  Master  Hospital  Sgt.  J ,  at  Washington,  D.C.,  is  ordered 

to  proceed  to  Galveston,  Texas,  via  boat.     State  the  number  of 
requests  that  you  will  issue,  and  what  additional  information,  if  any, 
will  be  noted  thereon. 

33.  Capt.  X has  been  issued  a  transportation  request  which 

calls  for  Capt.  X and  24  others.     Upon  presenting  the  request  to 

the  ticket  agent  he  finds  that  there  are  only  23  others.     What  action 
would  you  as  Capt.  X —  -  take  ? 

34.  Capt.  X ,  after  having  entrained,  discovers  that  he  has 

5  more  than  he  secured  -tickets  for.     What  action  should  he  take  ? 

35.  On  July  i,  1917,  you  issue  a  transportation  request  to  Pvt. 

B ,  from  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  to  Washington,  D.C.     On 

July  10,  1917,  he  returns  the  transportation  request  to  you,  stating 
that  upon  arrival  at  the  station  he  could  not  locate  the  request,  and 
in  order  to  comply  with  his  order  he  purchased  a  ticket.     What  action 
do  you  take  in  this  matter  ? 

36.  Capt.  Walter  Allen,  5th  Infantry,  is  ordered  on  detached 
service  and  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  issue  transportation  requests. 
He  presents  his  order  to  you,  as  quartermaster,  and  states  that  he  has 
no  property  account.     What  action  do  you  take  in  this  matter  and 
what  instructions  do  you  give  him  ? 

37.  Is  it  necessary  for  the  quartermaster,  when  issuing  transpor- 
tation which   includes   sleeping-   or   parlor-car  accommodation,   to 
make  separate  requests  for  the  sleeping-car  accommodation  and  the 
rail  transportation  ? 

38.  In  issuing  transportation  requests  for  movements  of  troops 
with  live  stock,  what  additional  information,  if  any,  should  be  noted 
on  the  transportation  request  with  reference  to  attendants  accom- 
panying the  live  stock  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          73 

39.  Maj.  Jones  presents  you  with  a  mileage  account,  accompanied 
with  a  travel  order,  papers  all  in  proper  form  and  covering  travel 
performed  by  Maj.  Jones  from  A  to  B  via  C.     Distance  over  the 
shortest  usually  traveled  route  is  1,057  miles.     Maj.  Jones  states  that 
he  actually  traveled  via  the  town  of  C,  making  the  total  distance 
1,150  miles,  and  that  he  took  this  route  on  account  of  a  wreck  on  the 
railroad  between  D  and  B,  and  that  he  wanted  to  make  time  and  not 
wait  for  the  wreck  to  be  cleared.     He  had  been  furnished  government 
transportation  from  A  to  D,  a  distance  of  520  miles,  and  there  are  500 
miles  of  land-grant  road  between  C  and  B.     How  much  money  as 
mileage  is  due  Maj.  Jones? 

40.  Pvt.  Green,  on  furlough  from  Fort  Jay,  New  York,  reports  at 
your  station  without  means  to  return  to  his  station.     You  furnish 
him  with  transportation,  costing  $32,  and  three  days'  commutation 
of  rations  at  prescribed  rate.     What  amount  would  be   charged 
against  Pvt.  Green  ?    Who  is  advised  of  this  charge  ? 

41.  Pvt.    John    Smith,    Quartermaster    Corps,    arrived    in    the 
Philippine  Islands  October  3,  1915,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
office  of  the  depot  quartermaster,  Manila,  P.I.     He  was  sick  in 
division  hospital,  Manila — not  in  line  of  duty — January  i,  1916,  to 
February   i,   1916   (both  dates  inclusive);    on  furlough  in  Japan, 
leaving  Manila  on  transport  "Warren"  July  i,  1916,  and  returning 
thereto  on  July  28,  1916.     Under  Section  17,  Quartermaster  Corps 
Manual,  on  what  transport  is  he  entitled  to  return  to  the  United 
States  ?    Transports  leave  San  Francisco  for  the  Philippines  on  the 
fifth  day  of  each  month  and  leave  Manila  for  the  United  States  on  the 
fifteenth  day  of  each  month. 

42.  Who  is  the  sole  intermediary  between  troop  and  railroad 
personnel  ?     In  case  of  deficiencies  or  other  matters  requiring  correc- 
tion to  whom  does  he  address  himself  ? 

43.  In  preparing  supplies  for  oversea  shipments  what  marks 
must  be  placed  on  the  container  in  addition  to  those  on  a  container 
for  an  ordinary  shipment  by  rail  ? 

44.  How  is  the  personal  baggage  of  men  and  officers  traveling 
by  rail  packed  and  stowed  ?    What  are  the  various  containers  used 
for  personal  property  ? 

45.  How    is    personal    equipment    marked    for    identification? 
company  property  ?  ordnance  property  ?  quartermaster  supplies  not 
yet  issued  ? 

46.  What  are  some  of  the  more  effective  means  of  packing  sub- 
sistence   stores?     What    is    the    maximum    weight    per    package 
allowed  ? 

47.  What  is  a  wagon  pack  ?     How  should  it  be  arranged  ?     What 
officer  is  in  charge  ?    What  other  forms  of  pack  are  there  ? 


74  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

48.  What  use  does  the  Quartermaster  Corps  make  of  the  express 
and  mail  services?     What  rules  govern  the  use  of  these  methods  of 
transportation  ? 

49.  You  have  made  a  shipment,  by  express,  from  Fort  M , 

Alabama,  to  New  York  City.     To  whom  do  you  mail  the  memo- 
randum bill  of  lading  ? 

50.  In  what  ways  does  the  shipment  of  animals  differ  from  the 
shipment  of  supplies  ? 

51.  You  have  120  horses  to  ship.     What  size  cars  would  you 
requisition  and  how  many  ? 

52.  Your  organization  is  ordered  from  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
to  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.     You  have  been  supplied  with  garrison 
rations  to  cook  en  route,  but  shortly  before  your  equipment  arrives 
the  railroad  company  informs  you  that  it  is  unable  to  furnish  you 
with  a  tourist  kitchen  car.     How  will  you  arrange  for  messing  the 
men  en  route  with  the  garrison  rations  ? 

53.  In  movements  by  rail  how  should  the  impedimenta  of  troops 
of  various  organizations  be  loaded  ? 

54.  Do   the  post  quartermasters  pay   the   railroad   company's 
freight  bills  ? 

55.  Is  the  cost  of  transportation  of  ordnance  stores  charged 
against  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

56.  Outline  the  steps  which  a  receiving  quartermaster  should 
take  in  case  of  the  receipt  of  property  which  is  in  a  damaged 
condition. 

57.  Capt.    A ,    quartermaster    at    Fort    Sheridan,    Illinois, 

invoices  a  lot  of  mattress  covers  to  the  quartermaster  at  the  Presidio, 
San  Francisco,  California.     How  many  copies  of  invoices  and  receipts 
does  he  prepare  and  how  are  they  disposed  of  ? 

58.  The  depot  quartermaster  at  New  York  City  invoices  a  lot  of 
sugar  to  the  quartermaster  at  Fort  Wayne,  Michigan.     How  many 
copies  of  invoices  and  receipts  are  prepared  and  to  whom  are  they 
sent? 

59.  The  commanding  officer,  5oth  Cavalry,  en  route  from  Fort 
Sam  Houston,  Texas,  to  New  York  City,  New  York,  receives  a 
telegram  at  Y—    -  to  detrain  his  entire  regiment  and  proceed  by 
marching.     Considering  that  Y—   -  is  in  the  open  country  and  that 

no  portable  ramps  are  available,  state  how  you  as  Col.  A would 

issue  the  necessary  orders  to  carry  on  the  unloading. 

60.  A  company  of  infantry,  having  been  furnished  sleeping-car 
accommodations,  arrives  at  its  destination  at  9:30  P.M.,  and  on 
account  of  inclement  weather  the  company  commander  decides  not 
to  vacate  the  sleeping-cars.     What  is  required  of  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  company  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  .ARMY          75 

61.  What  do  you  estimate  to  be  the  number  and  kinds  of  cars 
necessary  for  the  transportation  of  one  regiment  of  infantry  at  war 
strength,  wagon  transportation  to  go  not  knocked  down  ? 

62.  Describe  the  steps  which  are  taken  in  providing  for  the 
transportation  of  large  numbers  of  troops.     Include  all  steps  from  the 
receipt  of  the  order  directing  the  movement  to  the  leaving  of  the 
troop  train. 

63.  How  much  railway  equipment  is  needed  to  transport  a  division 
on  war  footing  with  all  its  authorized  animals,  equipment,  and 
supplies  ?  how  much  trackage  if  all  the  trains  are  lined  up  in  immediate 
succession  ? 

6.  ORDNANCE  SUPPLIES  AND  THEIR  FLOW. 

The  purposes  of  this  section  are  two.  One  of  these  purposes  will 
have  been  accomplished  if  we  secure  a  working  knowledge  of  the 
elements  which  make  up  ordnance  supplies  and  can  trace  the  channels, 
both  physical  and  personal,  which  these  elements  follow  in  passing 
from  the  shop  of  the  producer  to  the  private  in  the  ranks.  The  other 
purpose  will  have  been  accomplished  if  we  come  to  regard  this  flow 
of  supplies  as  a  large  and  complicated  matter  which  necessitates 
careful  control.  Such  an  attitude  will  prepare  the  way  for  the  work 
on  responsibility  and  accountability  in  chapter  iii. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§1516-55.   The  Ordnance  Department.    (Consult  also  A .R.  changes.) 
U.S.  War  Department:  Ordnance  Property  Regulations,  1917,   §§   53-79, 
classification   and   care   of   ordnance   property;     §§  180-89,   nomen- 
'clature;   §§  224-27,  inventories. 

— :  General  Orders  No.  85,  1914,  §319,  definition  of  field  service 
and  of  "A"  "B"  "C"  equipment.  Reprinted  in  Q.M.C.M., 
§2193;  in  Baird:  "A"  "B"  "C"  Equipment  for  a  Company  of* 
Infantry;  and  in  U.S.  War  Department:  Compilation  of  General  Orders, 
Circulars  and  Bulletins,  1881-1915. 

— :  General  Orders  No.  52,  1915,  entire.  Regulations  governing  unit 
accountability,  with  a  list  of  the  units  affected. 

Unit  Accountability  Equipment  Manuals  (cavalry  and  infantry), 


entire.     Tables  of  equipment. 

U.  S.  Ordnance  Department:  Supply  and  Allowance  Tables,  1917,  entire. 
Tables  showing  maximum  and  minimum  equipment  for  the  units  of 
the  army  at  peace  strength. 

Baird,  Lt.  R.  C.:  "A"  "B"  "C"  Equipment  for  a  Company  of  Infantry, 
entire.  A  detailed  list  of  all  equipment,  including  ordnance  and 
ordnance  stores,  used  by  a  company  in  field  service. 

Conley,  Maj.  E.  T.:  Field  Equipment  Manual  for  Individuals  and  Organi- 
zations of  an  Infantry  Regiment.  Tables  showing  the  source  and 


76  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

amount  of  equipment  used  by  the  subdivisions  of  a  regiment  under  the 
Act  of  1916. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders,  No.  56,  1917,  entire.  Duties  of 
ordnance  officers  in  the  theater  of  operations. 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Notes  on  Field  Service,  Parts  i  and  2.  Instruc- 
tions for  field  officers. 

U.S.  General  Staff,  War  College  Division:  A  Study  on  the  Development  of 
Large  Caliber  Mobile  Artillery  and  Machine  Guns,  entire.  A  con- 
sideration of  the  changes  wrought  by  the  present  war. 

Bishop,  Col.  H.  G.:  Operation  Orders,  pp.  90-105.  A  problem  in  ammuni- 
tion supply. 

Wagner,  Lt.  Col.  A.  L.:  Elements  of  Military  Science,  pp.  165-72.  Ques- 
tions and  answers,  with  some  statistics. 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  General  Orders  No.  3,  1912.  Regulations 
covering  the  issue  of  office  supplies. 

U.S.  War  Department:    General  Orders  No.  26,  1917.     Rules  for  the  dis- 
position of  unserviceable  ordnance  property. 
— :  General  Orders  No.  n,  1916.     Inspection  work  at  ordnance  depots. 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  General  Orders  No.  4,  1912.  Maintenance  of 
equipment  for  an  infantry  division  for  a  period  of  six  months. 

:   General  Orders  No.  5,  1912.     Maintenance  for  a  cavalry  division. 

— :   Description  of  the  Infantry  Equipment,  Model  1910,  entire.     Illus- 
trations of  the  equipment. 

:  Description  and  Directions  for  the  Use  and  Care  of  Cavalry  Equip- 
ment, Model  of  1912,  entire.  Illustrations  and  instructions. 

:   Instructions  for  the  Care  and  Repair  of  Small  Arms  and  Ordnance 

Equipment,  1915,  entire.     A  technical  manual. 

:    Oils,  Paints,  and  Materials  for  the  Cleaning  and  Preservation  of 

Seacoast  Guns,  etc.,  entire.     A  type  of  numerous  technical  manuals 
covering  ordnance  material. 
•:  Paints  for  Projectiles,  entire.    Regulations  for  the  color  of  projectiles. 


U.S.  Superintendent  of  Documents:  Monthly  Catalog  of  United  States 
Public  Documents.  See  these  for  monthly  lists  of  instruction  manuals 
and  other  titles  on  ordnance  property. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Enumerate  the  main  tasks  of  the  Ordnance  Department. 

2.  What  are  the  chief  classes  of  Ordnance  Property  from  the 
point  of  view  of  accountability  ?     What  are  the  purposes  of  this 
classification  ?     Someone  has  referred  to  them  as  "  identification  "  and 
"facilitating"  and  " accounting"  devices.     What  does  this  mean? 

3.  Define  in  terms  of  ordnance  property  (a)  Equipment  C;    (b) 
garrison  equipment. 

4.  What  methods  are  open  to  the  Ordnance  Department  for  the 
procurement   of   ordnance   and   ordnance    stores?    What   are    the 
sources  of  ordnance  supplies  for  the  United  States  expeditionary 
force  in  France  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          77 

5.  How  does  an  enlisted  man  procure  the  ordnance  equipment 
that  he  needs  ?     Who  keeps  a  record  of  the  ordnance  property  which 
he  has  in  his  possession  ?  » 

6.  What  are  the  purposes  of  the  supply  and  allowance  tables 
published  by  the  Ordnance  Department  ?    Are  they  observed  under 
war  conditions  ? 

7.  Are  there  conditions  under  which  requisitions  calling  for  larger 
supplies  of  ordnance  property  than  allowed  by  the  supply  table  will 
be  filled? 

8.  What  circumstances  made  necessary  a  revision  of  the  standard 
list  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  supplies  established  as  being  required 
for  the  maintenance  of  an  infantry  division  for  a  period  of  six 
months  ? 

9.  "Unit  equipment  represents  the  best  known  combination  of 
mobility  and  fighting  force.     It  should  therefore  never  be  changed 
except  by  proper  authority."     What  does  this  mean? 

10.  Name  the  ways  in  which  a  post  ordnance  officer  secures  his 
ordnance  and  ordnance  stores. 

11.  What  use,  if  any,  does  the  post  ordnance  officer  make  of 
funds  ?    In  case  he  has  funds  whence  does  he  procure  them  ? 

12.  State  the  manner  in  which  the  regimental  ordnance  officer 
obtains  supplies.     Does  he  have  money  accountability?  property 
accountability  ?     If  so,  for  what  kind  of  property  is  he  accountable  ? 
Is  he  a  line  or  a  staff  man  ? 

13.  May  the  regimental  supply  officer  and  the  regimental  ordnance 
officer  be  one  and  the  same  man  ? 

14.  What  is  the  relationship  between  the  company  supply  sergeant 
and  the  regimental  ordnance  officer?    What  are  the  duties  of  the 
former  in  regard  to  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  ? 

15.  Is  the  regimental  ordnance  officer  a  subordinate  of  the  division 
ordnance  officer?     Does  the  former  send  requisitions  to  the  latter? 
to  the  ordnance  depot  ? 

1 6.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  regimental  ordnance  officer  to  the 
captain  of  the  regimental  supply  company  ? 

17.  How  are  issues  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  made  to 
troops  operating  in  the  field  in  time  of  war  ? 

1 8.  What  principles  should  guide  the  decision  as  to  the  amount 
of  ammunition  carried  by  the  men  and  the  amount  carried  by  combat 
wagons  ? 

19.  What  duties  has  a  division  ordnance  officer  when  the  division 
operates  separately  ?  when  it  operates  as  a  part  of  a  field  army  ? 

20.  Compare  the  duties  of  the  ordnance  officer  of  a  division  at  the 
port  of  embarkation  with  those  of  the  ordnance  officer  of  a  division 
in  action. 


78  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

21.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  commanding  officer  of  an  ordnance 
depot  (a)  Sit  a  concentration  camp  or  port  of  embarkation  ?  (b)  on 
the  line  of  communications?     (c)  independent  of  the  line  of  com- 
munications ? 

22.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  commanding  officer  of  an  ordnance 
depot  on  the  line  of  communications  to  the  commander  of  the  line 
of  communications  ? 

23.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  commanding  officer  of  a  depot 
established   independently  of   the   line   of  communications   to   the 
commander  of  the  troops  his  depot  serves  ?  to  the  ordnance  officer  on 
the  staff  of  the  commander  of  these  troops  ? 

24.  What  personnel  is  furnished  to  the  commanding  officer  of 
an  ordnance  depot  ?     What  are  the  disadvantages  of  civilian  per- 
sonnel ? 

25.  Who  exercises  supervision  over  the  ordnance  service  in  the 
zone  of  the  advance  ?  in  the  line  of  communications  ? 

26.  What  information  must  the  depot  commander  be  prepared 
to  furnish  to  the  division  ordnance  officer  ?     How  should  he  classify 
his  data  ? 

27.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  commanding  officer  of  a  depot  with 
regard  to  salvaged  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  ? 

28.  How  do  the  commanding  officers  of  ordnance  depots  maintain 
their  stocks  ? 

29.  "The  senior  staff  officer  of  each  group  of  the  base  section  of 
the  supply,  sanitary,  and  telegraph  service  of  the  line  of  communica- 
tions acts  as  technical  adviser  of  the  commander  of  the  line  of  com- 
munications on  all  matters  relating  to  the  operations  of  his  corps 
within  the  territory  under  his  jurisdiction."     Give  examples  of  such 
" matters"  in  the  case  of  the  senior  ordnance  officer. 

30.  Under  what  conditions  do  you  think  ordnance  supplies  would 
be  forwarded  to  the  men  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  without  the 
making  out  of  formal  requisitions  ? 

.31.  To  whom  are  sales  of  ordnance  property  made  ? 

32.  "During  active  operations  it  is  provided  that  requisitions  be 
submitted  orally  dfrectly  on  the  ordnance  officer  whose  facilities  for 
making  prompt  issues  are  the  greatest,  without  requiring  them  to  pass 
through  intermediate  commanders."     What  is  the  reason  for  this 
provision?     Will  it  not  break  down  the  service  of  information  in 
regard  to  the  quantities  on  hand  ? 

33.  When   the   quartermaster   provides   transportation   for   the 
Ordnance   Department,   who  performs   the  actual  loading  at   the 
ordnance  depot  ? 


THE  SUPPLY  SERVICE  OF  THE  MODERN  ARMY          79 

34.  Does  the  amount  of  quartermaster  supplies  procurable  in  the 
theater  of  operations  have  any  bearing  upon  the  work  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  ? 

35.  Are   the  demands  in  connection  with  ammunition  supply 
greater  or  less  than  those  connected  with  provisioning  ? 

36.  In  the  service  of  the  interior  trace  the  distribution  of  ordnance 
property  from  the  arsenal  to  the  private  at  a  post.     Do  the  same  in 
case   of  a  private   serving  in   the  firing  line  in   the  zone  of   the 
advance. 

37.  "The  maintenance  of  equipment  is  the  most  important  and 
likewise  the  most  difficult  function  of  the  ordnance  depot."    Why? 

38.  What  are  the  basic  principles  governing  the  system  of  main- 
tenance of  ordnance  equipment  ?     What  are  the  means  taken  to 
carry  out  these  principles  in  the  case  of  rifles  ?  of  artillery  ? 

39.  What  provision  does  the  Ordnance  Department  make  for 
the  training  of  men  to  make  repairs  ?    To  what  organization  do  these 
men  belong  ? 

40.  Outline  the  English  system  for  the  salvage  and  repair  of 
damaged  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores.     Explain  the  part  played 
in   this   system   by   the   "light  ordnance    mobile  workshop";   the. 
"medium  mobile  workshop";   by  the   "heavy  mobile   workshop"; 
by  the  arsenal. 

41.  What  should  be  done  with  unserviceable  ordnance  equip- 
ment? with  unserviceable  parts?  with  captured  equipment?  with 
unserviceable  but  reparable  equipment  ? 

42.  What  is  done  with   the  ordnance  equipment  of  wounded 
soldiers  ? 

43.  What  measures  should  be  taken  to  avoid  piling  up  repair  work 
in  the  ordnance  depot  ? 

44.  Through  what  channels  do  the  ordnance  officers  learn  of  the 
strength  and  disposition  of  the  troops  they  are  to  serve  and  of  impend- 
ing expenditures  of  unusual  amounts  of  ammunition  ? 

45.  The  captain  of  a  battery  of  field  artillery  at  Fort  Sheridan 
discovers  that  some  of  the  guns  in  his  battery  are  in  need  of  repairs. 
Tell  how  he  should  obtain  the  necessary  repairs.     Should  he  consult 
the  department  ordnance  officer  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

46.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  elaborate  "Shipping  Container 
Specifications"   of  the  Interstate   Commerce   Commission?    What 
provision  is  made  with  reference  to  the  material  of  which  inside  con- 
tainers shall  be  made  ?     What  special  provision  is  made  with  reference 
to  packing  cartridges  of  nitroglycerin  explosives  ? 

47.  To  what  source  should  you  go  to  read  instructions  concerning 
the  packing  and  storage  of  explosives .? 


8o    §        QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

48.  In  what  direction  with  reference  to  the  length  of  the  car  should 
the  long  dimension  of  a  package  of  explosives  rest?     How  should 
kegs  be  placed  in  the  car  ?    Why  may  barrels  be  differently  placed  ? 
What  should  be  the  distribution  of  weight  of  explosives  within  the 
car  ?    What  is  " staying"  of  explosives  within  a  car  ? 

49.  What  is  the  procedure  in  case  broken  or  defective  packages  of 
explosives  or  other  dangerous  explosives  are  received  ? 

50.  How  is  protection  from  rough  handling  insured  for  a  car 
containing  explosives  ? 


CHAPTER  III 
RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY 

A.  Background  Considerations 

B.  Paperwork  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps 

C.  Paperwork  of  the  Ordnance  Department 


The  outstanding  matter  in  this  chapter  js  control,  with  particular 
reference  to  impersonal  systems  of  control.  The  preceding  chapters 
have  shown  the  persons  by  whom  the  impersonal  control  is  conducted 
and  have  shown  many  of  the  details  which  must  be  controlled. 

A.  Background  Considerations. 

1.  The  Army  Point  of  View. 

2.  The  Initiatory  Phases  of  Money  Accountability. 

3.  Some  Basic  Practices  in  Property  Control. 

4.  What  Army  Paperwork  Is. 

\ 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§657-709,    1086-94,   property  accountability  and   responsibility; 

§§  710-26,  903-14,  surveys  and  inspections. 
Q.M.C.M.,    §§  2007-2175,    property    accountability    and    responsibility; 

§§  2176-2217,  lists  of  quartermaster  property;    §§  2769-2853,  surveys 

and  inspections;    §§  389-473,  apportionments  and  allotments. 
Williams,  A.  E. :    Manual  for  Quartermasters,  pp.    29-70.     A   sketch  of 

accountability  for  property. 
U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Ordnance  Property  Regulations,  1917,  §§  1-52, 

laws  in  regard  to  ordnance  property;    §§  54-79,  care  of  ordnance 

property;     §§  136-79,     procurement     and     expenditure;     §§  224-27, 

inventories. 
Orders  No.  12:    Financial  Operations  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  §§1-4, 

apportionments  and  allotments. 
U.S.  Congress,  House  Doc.  No.  854,  62d  Congress,  2d  session:   Message 

from  the  President  of  the  United  States  transmitting  report  on  Economy 

and  Efficiency  in  the  Government  Service  (June  27,  1912). 

i .  THE  ARMY  POINT  or  VIEW. 

Any  modern  large-scale  organization  finds  it  necessary  to  set 
up  systems  of  control.  The  magnitude  of  operations  makes  it 

81 


82  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

impossible  for  the  ultimate  superior  personally  to  know  and  supervise 
details.  Some  system,  some  organization,  must  be  provided  to 
enable  him  to  cope  with  the  situation. 

In  general  terms,  this  ultimate  superior  does  two  things:  he 
subdivides  responsibility  and  thus  controls  in  part  by  personal 
agencies;  he  insists  upon  records  and  reports,  which  are  impersonal 
devices.  Upon  the  success  with  which  he  welds  these  personal  and 
impersonal  agencies  into  a  coherent  efficient  system  will  depend  the 
efficacy  of  his  control. 

These  statements  are  as  true  of  the  army  as  of  business.  True, 
the  aims  of  army  work  do  not  find  a  perfect  parallel  in  the  aims  of 
business  work,  nor  do  the  tests  of  success.  The  profit  aim  and  the 
profit  and  loss  test  of  success  are,  upon  the  whole,  lacking  in  army 
work. 

Reflection  upon  this  fact  will  cause  modification  of  opinions  on 
the  part  of  those  who  see  in  government  accounting  little  but  "red 
tape."  The  truth  is  that  ordinary  business  profit-and-loss  accounting 
goes  but  a  certain  distance  in  army  work,  and  other  devices  must 
cover  the  rest  of  the  road.  Very  often  in  army  work  property  must 
be  cared  for  and  accounted  for  as  property  rather  than  as  a  repre- 
sentative of  value.  This  is  not  denying  that  funds  also  must  be 
cared  for  and  accounted  for. 

In  studying  the  problem  of  control  in  army  money  and  property 
matters,  we  find  it  necessary  to  differentiate  between  responsibility 
and  accountability.  The  two  may  be  combined  in  one  person,  but 
they  must  be  separated  in  our  thinking  if  we  are  to  see  the  problem 
clearly. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  "Good  business  practice  requires  that  a  balance  sheet  be 
prepared  at  the  end  of  an  accounting  period,  and  that  the  net  worth 
of  present  and  preceding  periods  be  contrasted."     Can  this  "net 
worth  test"  be  applied  in  governmental  accounting?     Give  reasons 
for  your  answer. 

2.  "Every  physical  unit  of  property  must  be  accounted  for  in 
army  work."     Why  ?    Is  this  necessary  in  business  ? 

3.  "As  one  looks  at  army  property  regulations,  he  is  impressed 
with  the  army  idea  of  the  sacredness  of  property."     Quote  at  least 
ten  regulations  showing  the  care  with  which  property  is  to  be  preserved 
and  accounted  for. 

4.  Precisely  what  is  the  difference  between  responsibility  and 
accountability  ?     "An  officer  can  be  responsible  for  property  without 
being  accountable  for  it;  he  can  be  accountable  for  property  without 
being  responsible ;  and  lastly,  he  can  be  both  responsible  and  account- 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  83 

able  for  property  in  his  possession."     Cite  as  many  illustrations  as 
you  can  of  each  situation. 

5.  "One  of  the  outstanding  features  of  army  property  control  is 
the  serious  responsibility  of  the  line  officer."     Give  as  many  illustra- 
tions as  you  can  of  line  officers'  responsibility  for  property.     Upon 
what  philosophy  of  organization  does  this  responsibility  rest  ?     What 
part  of  this  responsibility,  if  any,  flows  from  tradition  ? 

6.  "As  one  views  the  property  responsibility  of  the  line  officer, 
he  is  impressed  with  the  fact  that  the  principle  of  functionalization 
has  not  been  carried  as  far  as  it  should  be  carried  in  army  matters." 
What  does  this  mean  ?     Do  you  think  it  is  a  defensible  position  ? 

7.  " Classifications  of  property  or  services  are:    (a)  symbols,  (b) 
expediting  devices,  (c)  accounting  devices."     Explain  what  is  meant 
by  each  statement. 

8.  What  are  the  chief  classes  of  ordnance  property?  of  quarter- 
master supplies  ?  of  quartermaster  services  ? 

9.  "The  Army's  care  of  property  is  sometimes  meticulous  and 
sometimes  it  is  wildly  extravagant.     No  single  clear  principle  seems 
to  obtain  in  all  possible  situations."     Is  this  true  ?     Is  it  unfortunate 
if  true  ? 

2.  THE  INITIATORY  PHASES  OF  MONEY  ACCOUNTABILITY. 

In  one  sense  the  first  step  in  any  military  operation  is  the  securing 
of  funds.  This  process  is  not  merely  interesting  to  the  taxpayer; 
it  is  of  vital  significance  to  the  responsible  and  accountable  officials 
who  handle  these  funds.  Funds  are  appropriated  in  definite  terms 
for  specific  purposes,  and  the  accounting  system  must  be  so  organized 
as  to  show  that  funds  have  been  properly  expended.  In  a  very  real 
sense,  therefore,  the  operations  connected  with  the  appropriation 
of  funds  are  "control  operations"  with  respect  to  money  account- 
ability. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  provides  that  "no  money 
shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in  consequence  of  appropria- 
tions made  by  law."     Define  an  appropriation.     By  which  branch 
of  the  government  are  appropriations  made  ? 

2.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  executive  branch  of  the  government 
to  the  making  of  appropriations  ? 

3.  What  is  meant  by  the  "book  of  estimates"?     Why  is  it  in 
the  form  of  a  letter  ? 

4.  Does  the  General  Staff  Corps  function  in  the  preparation  of 
estimates  of  the  War  Department  ? 


84  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

5.  Under  what  circumstances,  if  any,  may  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  review  or  revise  the  estimates  which  are  submitted  to  him  ? 
Does   the    Secretary   of   the   Treasury   make   recommendations   to 
Congress  in  presenting  the  book  of  estimates  ? 

6.  "The  arrangement  and  order  of  the  estimates  included  in  the 
book  of  estimates  was  prescribed  by  statute  in  1906."     What  purpose 
had  Congress  in  view  in  making  this  requirement?     What  results 
have  ensued  ? 

7.  What  comparative  data  are  contained  in  the  book  of  esti- 
mates ?     Does  it  contain  comparative  statements  of  past  expenditures 
of  the  various  government  departments  ? 

8.  What  methods  are  employed  by  the  heads  of  the  government 
departments  in  preparing  their  estimates  ? 

9.  "The  Speaker  refers  the  estimates  contained  in  the  'book'  to 
the  proper  committees  of  the  House  of  Representatives."     To  which 
committees  does  he  refer  the  estimates  of  the  War  Department  ? 
Which  committee  prepares  the  Army  Bill  ? 

10.  "Although  the  book  of  estimates  is  supplemented  by  various 
'statements'  prepared  by  the  Treasury  and  other  departments,  the 
data  embodied  in  these  documents  are  inadequate  for  the  guidance 
of   congressional   appropriation   committees."     What   other   means 
of  obtaining  information  must  the  committees  resort  to  ? 

11.  "When  a  bill  has  been  approved  by  both  Houses,  it  is  sent 
to  the  President."     With  what  discretionary  power  is  the  President 
clothed  by  the  Constitution  with  respect  to  acts  of  appropriation  ? 
Is  his  action  final  ? 

12.  "No  set  form  of  wording  is  required  for  the  enacting  clause 
of  an  act  of  appropriation."     Must  the  clause  declare  in  specific  terms 
that  an  appropriation  is  made  for  a  specified  purpose,  or  may  the 
appropriation  be  made  by  indirect  inference  ?    What  authority  can 
you  cite  for  your  answer  ? 

13.  What    interpretation    should    be    placed    upon    the    terms 
"specific"  and  "indefinite"  as  they  are  used  in  the  classification  of 
appropriation  acts  ? 

14.  Distinguish  between  an  annual  appropriation,  a  permanent 
appropriation,  and  a  permanent  annual  appropriation.  • 

15.  What  constitutional  limitation  with  respect  to  time  is  placed 
upon  appropriations  for  the  support  of  armies  ? 

16.  It  is  provided  by  statute  that  "all  sums  appropriated  for  the 
various  branches  of  expenditures  in  the  public  service  shall  be  applied 
solely  to  the  objects  for  which  they  are  respectively  made  and  to  no 
others."     Is  any  discretion  left  to  administrative  officers  in  the  ex- 
penditure of  appropriations?     Upon   whom   devolves  the  duty  of 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  85 

determining    whether    expenditures    have    been    made    for    objects 
contemplated  in  acts  of  appropriation  ? 

17.  What  official  may  be  called  upon  to  render  a  decision  as  to 
the  meaning  of  phrases  employed  in  an  appropriation  act  ?     Is  his 
decision  binding,  or  is  it  merely  an  expression  of  opinion  ? 

1 8.  To  what  extent  is  discretion  granted  to  the  officials  of  the 
War  Department  by  the  terms  of  the  Army  Bill  ? 

19.  Name  some  of  the  headings  under  which  appropriations  are 
made  for  disbursement  by  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

20.  In  time  of  peace  appropriations  for  the  use  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  "are  definite  as  to  amounts,  period,  and  purpose  for 
which  appropriated,  hence  it  is  imperatively  necessary  so  to  disburse 
the  funds  as  to  avoid  excessive  expenditures  and  consequent  defi- 
ciencies."   What  steps  are  taken  to  prevent  the  making  of  expend- 
itures in  excess  of  appropriations  ? 

21.  Define  an  apportionment,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps.     By  whom  is  it  made  ?     To  whom  is  it  made  ?     What 
is  the  object  of  making  apportionments  ? 

22.  The    Chicago    Quartermaster    Depot,    the    United    States 
Military  Academy,  and  the  Aviation  School  at  Augusta,  Georgia,  are 
among  the  places  which  are  referred  to  as  "  independent  stations." 
What  is  meant  by  an  "  independent  station,"  and  what  is  the  sig- 
nificance of  the  distinction  ? 

23.  Why  are  apportionments  made  to  depot  quartermasters? 

24.  Name  a  typical  apportionment  made  to  a  department  quarter- 
master. I 

25.  Are  apportionments  fewer,  or  more  numerous,  than  appropri- 
ations ?     Why  ? 

26.  Are  all  apportionments  made  for  the  same  period  of  time  ? 
Give  reasons. 

27.  May  apportionments  be  increased  or  reduced  in  amount? 

28.  Define  an  allotment,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Quarter- 
master  Corps.     By   whom   are   allotments   made,   and   to   whom? 
(NOTE. — The  allotment  referred  to  is  not  the  'allotment'  of  pay, 
which  soldiers  are  permitted  to  make.) 

29.  For  what  reasons  are  allotments  made  ? 

30.  Compare  the  periods  of  time  during  which  allotments  are 
available  with  the  periods  in  which  apportionments  are  available. 
What  kinds  of  allotments  are  there,  on  a  time  basis  ? 

31.  For  what  financial  purpose  is  the  headquarters  of  a  territorial 
department  considered  as  a  post  ? 

32.  "No  contract  or  purchase  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  will 
be  made  unless  it  is  authorized  by  law,  or  is  made  under  an  appropria- 
tion adequate   to   its   fulfilment,   except  .  .  .  .   '      What   are   the 


86  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

exceptions?     Give   hypothetical   cases   in   which    these   exceptions 
would  apply. 

33.  Why  is  an  analysis  of  each  Army  Bill  made  by  the  Quarter- 
master General  ? 

34.  "In  time  of  war,  ....  the  limitation  as  to  appropriations 
is  necessarily  removed."     Does  this  mean  that  the  apportionment 
and  allotment  system  is  dispensed  with  in  war  time  ? 

35.  Name  some  of  the  appropriations  for  the  use  of  the  Ordnance 
Department. 

36.  What  is  meant  by  an  apportionment  when  speaking  of  the 
financial  operations  of  the  Ordnance  Department?     Give  the  name 
of  a  typical  apportionment. 

37.  By  whom,  and  for  what  purposes,  are  allotments  made  in  the 
Ordnance  Department  ? 

38.  Will  allotments  be  made  to  post  ordnance  officers  ?  to  depart- 
ment ordnance  officers?  to  armament  officers?  to  inspectors?  to 
arsenals  ?  to  depots  ?     Explain  the  reasons  why,  or  why  not,  in  each 
case. 

39.  Explain  the  nature  of  a  "revocation." 

40.  "Allotments  are  made  by  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  upon  the 
basis   of   estimates   of   anticipated   or   recommended   expenditures 
submitted  to  him."     By  whom  are  these  estimates  submitted  ? 

41.  "The  estimates  submitted  by  commanding  officers  of  ord- 
nance stations  and  by  armament  officers  are  grouped  under  two  heads 
— annual  and  special."    Is  this  distinction  based  upon  the  purposes 
for  which  the  estimates  are  made?    On  what  occasions  are  special 
estimates  made  ? 

42.  "Inspectors  of  ordnance  and  powder  do  not  submit  annual 
and  special   estimates."     Why  not?     How  frequently  must   they 
submit  estimates  ? 

43.  What  is  done  in  the  Ordnance  Office  upon  receipt  of  the  various 
estimates  ?    Answer  in  detail. 

44.  Why  are  allotments  for  contingencies   made?    When  are 
they  made  ?    To  whom  are  they  made  ?     What  are  some  of  the 
limitations  governing  their  use  ? 

3.  SOME  BASIC  PRACTICES  IN  PROPERTY  CONTROL. 

The  details  of  paperwork  connected  with  property  account- 
ability are  of  course  meaningless  to  the  person  conducting  them  unless 
he  sees  the  docirments  fitting  into  a  controlling  system.  In  the 
preceding  chapters,  we  have  seen  the  persons  who  are  to  control 
property  and  have  seen  them  in  an  organization.  We  have  also  seen 
the  emerging  of  certain  paper  forms  in  our  discussion  of  quartermaster 
and  ordnance  supplies  and  their  flow.  These  forms  were  not  at  that 


^RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  87 

time  considered  from  the  point  of  view  of  property  accountability 
and  responsibility.  A  discussion  of  such  matters  as  transfers, 
inspections,  surveys,  expendible  articles,  and  memorandum  receipts 
will  assist  in  fitting  these  and  other  forms  into  the  framework  of 
property  accountability  and  responsibility. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  meant  by  expendible  articles?     Are  such  articles 
regarded  as  expendible  at  the  time  of  issue  or  after  they  have  actually 
been  consumed  ? 

2.  Suppose  that  you  are  an  accountable  officer.     What  use  would 
you  make  of  a  certificate  of  expenditure  which  you  have  obtained  ? 
How  could  you  obtain  a  certificate  of  expenditure  ? 

3.  What  are  some  of  the  articles  Vhich  are  listed  as  expendible 
articles  in  the  quartermaster  service  ?  in  the  ordnance  service  ? 

4.  What  form  is  used  in  the  quartermaster  service  as  a  certificate 
of  expenditure  ?     What  form  in  the  ordnance  service  ? 

5.  Define  a  transfer  of  property.     What  is  the  difference  between 
a  partial  transfer  and  a  complete  transfer?     What  interest  has  an 
accounting  officer  in  a  record  of  a  transfer  operation  ? 

6.  Are  the  following  to  be  considered  as  cases  of  transfer  of  prop- 
erty:   (a)  goods  moving  between  arsenals  and  ordnance  depots;    (b) 
between  depots  and  troops  in  both  directions;    (c)  between  depots; 
(d)  between  posts;   (e)  between  organizations  actually  engaged  in  field 
operations  ? 

7.  Is  it  a  transfer  of  property  when  unserviceable  material  is 
turned  in  by  troops  ?     Is  it  a  transfer  of  property  when  goods  are 
issued  to  troops  ?     When  goods  are  lost  in  a  retreat  ? 

8.  What  are  memorandum  receipts  ?     Are  they  used  for  expend- 
ibles ? 

9.  In  terms  of  accountability  and  responsibility,  what  is  a  memo- 
randum receipt  designed  to  accomplish  ?  • 

10.  What  is  a  certificate  of  supplies  transferred  ?     What  is  its 
relation  to  the  memorandum  receipt  ? 

11.  The  causes  of  damage,  loss,  or  destruction  of  property  are 
classified  for  purposes  of  .accountability  and  responsibility  as  follows: 
(a)  unavoidable  causes;    (b)  avoidable  causes.     Make  as  long  a  list 
as  you  can  of  causes  which  could  properly  be  entered  under  each  of 
these  classes. 

12.  What  are   the   various   classes  of   unserviceable  property? 
How   is   unserviceable   property   disposed   of?     Mention   as    many 
forms  as  you  can  which  are  used  in  the  disposition  of  unserviceable 


88  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

property.     How    should    one    differentiate    between    surveys    and 
inspections  ?      * 

13.  Make  a  list  of  the  occasions  on  which  a  survey  of  property 
would  be  called  for. 

14.  You  are  responsible  for  certain  property  and  you  wish  a 
survey  made.     Outline  in  general  terms  the  procedure  which  you 
should  follow. 

15.  What   powers    does    a    surveying    officer    have?     May    he 
condemn  property  ?     May  he  locate  responsibility  for  loss  ?     Does  he 
have  final  jurisdiction  in  the  matter  ? 

1 6.  What  forms  are  used  in  connection  with  surveys  ? 

17.  Make  a  list  of  the  circumstances  under  which  property  will 
be  inspected.     When  property  is  inspected,  in  what  typical  ways  is 
the  property  disposed  of  ? 

1 8.  Who  appoints  an  inspection  officer  ?   Is  he  a  line  or  a  staff  man  ? 

19.  Assume   that  you  are   quartermaster  at   Fort  Assiniboine, 
Montana,  and  that  Wagonmaster  Sam  Jones  lost  one  saddle  for  which 

,  you  are  accountable,  (a)  Since  Jones  denies  responsibility  for  the 
loss,  state  how  you  would  proceed  in  order  to  fix  the  responsibility. 
(b)  Assume  that  responsibility  has  been  fixed  by  competent  authority 
on  Jones,  state  how  you  will  collect  the  value  of  the  saddle. 

\ 
4.  WHAT  ARMY  PAPERWORK  Is. 

Army  paperwork  is,  of  course,  nothing  more  than  an  impersonal 
system  of  control.  Documentation  (papers)  is  necessary  only 
because  the  operations  are  on  such  a  large  scale  that  no  individual 
can  carry  in  mind  any  considerable  proportion  of  the  facts  concerned. 
The  records,  then,  are  not  ends  in  themselves,  but  means  to  ends. 
In  the  main,  the  ends  sought  are  two:  (a)  accurate  detailed  knowledge 
concerning  the  location  of  materials  in  order  that  pre-planning  of 
operations  involving  the  use  of  these  materials  may  be  carried  out; 
(b)  accurate,  detailed  records  in  which  responsible  and  accountable 
officers  may  render  reports  of  their  stewardship. 

.These  reports  of  stewardship  might  be  made  in  either  of  two 
ways:  (a)  The  responsible  head  of  an  organization  might  keep 
duplicates  of  all  records  of  transactions.  If  the  control  were  exercised 
in  this  way,  these  records  would  certainly  need  to  be  summarized 
in  any  considerable  organization,  (b)  The  responsible  head  may 
demand  from  time  to  time  that  his  subordinates  turn  in  classified, 
summarized  reports.  If  he  utilizes  this  method  of  control,  he  will 
of  course  wish  the  summarizations  to  be  documented — that  is,  to  be 
supported  by  other  papers. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY 


89 


A  simplified  representation  of  this  latter  form  of  control  with 
particular  reference  to  reporting  on  property  is  shown  in  the  following 
diagram : 

Summaries  of  documents,  by 
classes  6f  transactions,  show- 
ing that  the  subordinate  has 
been  freed  from  obligations. 
These  summaries  are  sup- 
ported by 


The   head   of 

Receives  from 

an    organi- 

his   subordi- 

zation 

nate  a  general 

summary    of 

stewardship 

made  up  of.  .  • 

Summaries  of  documents,  by 
classes  of  transactions,  show- 
ing that  the  subordinate  has 
taken  on  obligations.  These 
summaries  are  supported  by .  . 


QUESTIONS 


Summaries    of    stitt 
other  documents 

Original  documents 


Summaries    of    still 
other  documents 

Original  documents 


1 .  Assume  that  you  are  an  officer  who  is  accountable  or  responsible 
for  property.     Make  as  long  a  list  as  you  can  of  documents  (forms) 
arising  from  property  transactions  which  would  give  to  your  superior 
proof  that  you  should  no  longer  be  held  accountable  or  responsible  for 
certain  items  of  property. 

2.  Under  the  same  assumption  give  a  list  of  documents  (forms) 
arising  from  property  transactions  which  would  show  your  superior 
that  things  have  happened  which  necessitate  your  reporting  to  him 
that  property  has  come  within  the  scope  of  your  responsibility  or 
accountability. 

3.  If  you  have  ceased  to  be  responsible  or  accountable  for  property, 
does  this  mean  that  someone  else  has  become  responsible  or  account- 
able ?     If  it  does,  give  as  long  a  list  as  you  can  of  documents  (forms) 
which  show  that  the  other  party  has  become  responsible  or  account- 
able.    Would  you  wish  your  superior  to  receive  copies  of  these 
documents  showing  the  liability  of  the  other  party  ? 

4. , Assume  that  you  are  an  officer  accountable  for  funds.     Making 
the  appropriate  modifications,  answer  the  issues  raised  in  Questions 

I>  2,  3. 

5.  As  a  matter  of  common  sense,  when  would  it  be  necessary  to 
present  to  your  superior  an  abstract  of  documents  concerning  a 
certain  type  of  transactions  rather  than  the  original  documents? 
Might  your  superior  demand  that  the  abstract  be  supported,  or 
vouched  for,  by  the  original  documents  ? 

6.  State  in  general  terms  what  light  the  foregoing  questions  throw 
upon  the  number  of  copies  of  forms  required. 


go  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

B.  Paperwork  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

1.  Apportionments  and  Allotments. 

2.  Money  Accountability. 

3.  Property  Accountability. 

As  a  result  of  appropriation  acts  passed  by  Congress,  the  Quarter- 
master General  is  authorized  to  spend  certain  amounts  of  money  for 
prescribed  purposes.  Through  the  media  of  apportionments  and 
allotments  he  delegates  this  authority  to  his  subordinates.  In  order 
that  they  may  be  controlled  in  the  exercise  of  this  authority,  a  system 
of  records,  forms,  and  reports  is  necessary.  Under  the  authority 
granted  by  apportionments  and  allotments,  money  is  received  by 
various  members  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  and,  with  this  money, 
property  is  purchased.  Properly  to  control  this  expenditure  of  money 
and  properly  to  control  the  use  and  disposal  of  the  property  received 
as  a  result  of  this  expenditure,  a  second  and  a  third  system  of  records, 
forms,  and  reports  are  necessary.  Consequently  the  discussion  of 
the  ''Paperwork  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps"  may  be  divided  under 
the  subheads  given  above.  We  shall  for  convenience  and  simplicity 
discuss  these  separately.  But  they  are  of  necessity  closely  interrelated 
and  are  but  parts  of  the  main  problem — the  proper  accounting  for 
government  moneys  during  the  process  of  their  transformance  into 
services  and  supplies  for  the  use  of  the  army. 

i.  APPORTIONMENTS  AND  ALLOTMENTS. 

a)  Division  of  Authorization. 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization. 

i.    Money  (leading  to  the  subject  of  Money  Accountability), 
ii.  Requisitions  (leading  to  the  subject  of  Property  Account- 
ability). 

READINGS 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  389-414,  general  background  of  financial  operations;  §§  539- 
601,  2225,  2228,  2250-61,  papers  involved. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Circular  No.  10,  1915.  An  itemization  of  an  army 
appropriation  act. 

U.S.  Quartermaster  Corps:  Forms  No.  34,  Estimate  of  Funds  (reproduced  in 
Q.M.C.M.,  App.  24-29);  72,  Advice  of  Apportionment  or  Allotment 
(App.  24-31);  73,  Advice  of  Increase  of  Apportionment  or  Allotment; 
74,  Apportionment  or  Allotment  Account  (App.  24-32  to  34);  75,  List 
of  Invoices;  160,  Requisition  (App.  24-36  to  39);  168,  Monthly  Requisi- 
tion for  Subsistence  Stores  and  Funds  (App.  24-40). 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  91 

U.S.  Quartermaster  General's  Office:   Form  No.  693,  Letter  of  Notification 

of  Funds  Deposited  (Q.M.C.M.,  App.  24-28). 
U.S.  Treasurer's  Office:    Form  No.  5254-^,  War  Warrant,  Certificate  of 

Deposit  (Q.M.C.M.,  App.  24-27}. 

QUESTIONS 

a)  Division  of  Authorization. 

1.  Name  some  of  the  headings  under  which  appropriations  for 
the  Quartermaster  Corps  are  made.     What  record  if  any  is  kept  of 
appropriations  ?     By  whom  ? 

2.  In  what  way  are  those  to  whom  apportionments  are  made  noti- 
fied ?     What  form  is  used  for  this  purpose  ?     Give  the  names  of  some 
typical  apportionments.     Show  how  the  quartermaster  classification 
of  supplies  and  services  is  involved  in  apportionments. 

3.  What  record,  if  any,  is  kept  of  apportionments  ?    Is  there  any 
specific  form  that  may  be  used  for  keeping  this  record  ?    Is  there 
any  choice  in  the  matter  ? 

4.  Does  the  Quartermaster  General  use  the  same  form  in  making 
increases  in  apportionments  that  he  does  in  making  apportionments  ? 

5.  Is  an  apportionment  account  kept  for  each  "  advice  of  apporr 
tionment"  received? 

6.  What  is  an  advice  of  allotment  ?     What  quartermaster  form  is 
used  ?    Name  some  typical  allotment  accounts. 

7.  For  what  classes  of  supplies  are  no  allotments  made  to  the 
post  ?     Explain  why. 

8.  Draw  a  chart  showing  reasonable  apportionments  and  allot- 
ments of  the  appropriation  " Supplies,  Services,  and  Transportation." 

9.  Why  is  it  necessary  for  a  department  quartermaster  to  keep 
apportionment  accounts  for  his  department  ?     Why  is  .it  necessary 
for  him  to  keep  allotment  accounts  with  each  post  in  his  department  ? 
Why  is  it  necessary  for  a  post  quartermaster  to  keep*  allotment 
accounts  for  his  post  ? 

10.  Tell  what  you  can  about  the  scheme  of  numbering  depart- 
ments, posts,  and  depots  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps.     Show  how 
these  numbers  appear  in  a  letter  of  apportionment  or  allotment. 
What  does  the  number  300  mean  in  the  light  of  the  above  ?     What 
does  the  number  3-1716  mean?     Would  such  a  number  appear  in  a 
post  allotment  account  ? 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization. 

i.  The  "authorization"  balance  of  an  allotment  at  a  post  may  be 
reduced  in  two  ways:  (a)  the  requisitioning  for  goods,  or  (b)  the  spend- 
ing of  money  under  an  allotment.  Give  an  example  of  each  kind  of 
transaction  at  an  army  post. 


92  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

2.  How  are  funds  obtained  by  an  army  post  ?    What  is  an  "esti- 
mate of  funds"?     To  whom  is  it  sent?     How  often?     Is  money 
called  for  under  an  apportionment  or  an  allotment  on  the  estimate 
of  funds  ?    Who  enters  the  letter  of  apportionment  number  on  the 
estimate  ? 

3.  Trace  the  steps  by  which  money  is  sent  to  an  army  post.     Is 
any  entry  made  on  a  post  allotment  account  when  an  estimate  of  funds 
is  sent  out  ?     Is  any  entry  made  when  funds  arrive  ? 

4.  What  entry  is  made  on  a  post  allotment  account  when  a  requisi- 
,  tion  is  sent  out  ?    What  entry  when  the  requisition  is  rilled  ? 

5.  You  are  quartermaster  at  Post  X,  requesting  two  different 
classes  of  supplies  for  Post  X  to  come  from  the  Philadelphia  Depot. 
How  many  requisitions  would  you  make  out?    You  are  requesting 
three  classes  of  supplies — two  to  come  from  Chicago  and  one  from 
Philadelphia.     How  many  requisitions  would  you  make  out  ? 

6.  When  would  you  make  an  entry  on  your  allotment  account  for 
an  allotment  made  to  you  by  the  department  quartermaster  ?    How 
would  you  enter  it  on  this  account  ?    How  are  increases  of  an  allot- 
ment shown  ?    How  are  deductions  shown  ? 

7.  How  is  cash  spent  for  local  purchases  recorded?    How  may 
the  balance  of  cash  on  hand  be  obtained  ? 

8.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  "unexpended"  balance  of 
an  allotment  and  the  "  unobligated  "  balance  ?    How  may  the  amount 
of  each  be  obtained  from  the  account  ? 

9.  If  a  savings  from  one  allotment  is  transferred  to  another  allot- 
ment, what  entries  are  made  on  each  account  ? 

10.  Where  does  a  department  quartermaster  enter  the  cost  of 
supplies  and  services  procured  for  his  own  office  ? 

11.  What  record  does  the  department  quartermaster  make  of  the 
requisitions  which  he  receives  from  his  posts  ? 

12.  WJtien  should  the  department  quartermaster  direct  the  post 
quartermaster  to  purchase  locally  the  articles  requested?    Would 
it  be  necessary  for  the  post  quartermaster  to  notify  the  department 
quartermaster  upon  making  the  purchase  ? 

13.  Upon  the  receipt  of  a  post  requisition,  what  action  does  the 
depot  quartermaster  take  if  he  has  the  material  called  for  in  stock  ? 
When  does  a  depot  replenish  its  stock  ?     Where  does  it  get  the  funds  ? 

14.  Does  the  depot  quartermaster  record  the  filling  of  a  requisi- 
tion on  an  allotment  account  ?     Does  he  record  the  spending  of  money 
on  an  allotment  account  ?     Show  the  transactions  in  a  hypothetical 
case. 

15.  Does   the   depot   quartermaster   notify    the   Quartermaster 
General  of  an  expenditure?    If  so,  how?     Under  what  apportion- 
ment ?    Does  the  Quartermaster  General  make  an  apportionment  to 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  93 

'the  depot  quartermaster  ?  If  so,  how  does  he  notify  him  ?  Does  the 
Quartermaster  General  record  the  sending  of  money  to  a  depot  against 
an  apportionment  ? 

16.  Suppose  $50  is  sent  from  Washington  to  the  Fort  Wayne 
Post  for  the  purchase  of  Class  A-i  supplies.     Is  the  $50  charged  to 
an  apportionment  at  Washington  ?     If  so,  to  what  apportionment  ? 

17.  Suppose  $50  is  sent  from  Washington  to  the  Philadelphia 
Depot  for  the  replenishment  of  Class  A-i   supplies.     Is  the  $50 
charged  to  an  apportionment  at  Washington  ?    If  so,  to  what  appor- 
tionment ? 

1 8.  Upon  receipt  of  the  funds  at  the  depot,  what  entry  is  made  ? 
Under  what  restrictions,  if  any,  is  the  money  spent  ? 

19.  Give  some  of  the  considerations  involved  in  the  administration 
of  a  depot's  affairs  from  the  point  of  view  of  handling  requisitions. 

20.  The  Quartermaster  General  receives  for  "Supplies,  Services, 
and  Transportation"  an  appropriation  for  the  year  1917  of  $1,000,000. 
He  apportions  on  January  i  to  Department  3  for  Class  A  supplies 
$100,000.    The  department  quartermaster  in  turn  allots  to  a  post 
at  Fort  Wayne  for  Class  A  supplies  $20,000,  and  June  5  revokes  $5,000 
of  this  allotment,     (a)  Show  the  entries  made  by  the  Quartermaster 
General,  the  department  quartermaster,  and  the  post  quartermaster. 
(Assume  L/A  number)  on  Form  74.     (b)  Show  the  entries  made  on 
Form  72  by  the  Quartermaster  General  and  the  department  quarter- 
master.    (Assume  L/A  numbers  on  Form  72  to  correspond  to-L/A 
number  on  Form  74.) 

21.  The  post  quartermaster  at  Fort  Wayne  decides  that  he  will 
need  for  the  month  of  July  for  Class  A  supplies  under  appropriation 
S.S.  &  T.  a  bank  credit  of  $500,  and  for  Class  B  supplies  under  appro- 
priation S.S.  &  T.  $300.     On  June  8  he  sends  a  request  to  the  Quarter- 
master General  for  $800,  and  the  money  is  sent  to  him.     (a)  Show  the 
entries  on  Form  34.     (Assume  L/A  numbers.)     (b)  Show  the  entries 
on  Form  74  by  the  post,  the  department  quartermaster,  and  the 
Quartermaster  General,     (c)  Show  the  entries  on  Form  693  and  on 
the  war  warrant. 

22.  The  post  quartermaster  at  Fort  Wayne  wants  20  gallons  of 
paint,   Class   A  supplies,  under   the  appropriation  S.S.  &  T.     He 
requisitions  on  the  Philadelphia  Depot  for  20  gallons  of  paint,  price 
$40.    The  requisition  passes  to  the  department  quartermaster,  is 
there  O.K.'d,  and  by  him  is  forwarded  to  the  Philadelphia  Depot. 
The  depot  fills  the  requisition  and  sends  the  goods  to  the  post  at 
Fort  Wayne,     (a)  Show  the  entries  on  Form  160.     (b)  Trace  the 
disposition  of  the  four  copies  of  Form  160.     (c)  Show  the  entries  on 
Form  74  at  the  post,  the  department  headquarters,  and  the  depot. 
(d)  Show  the  entries  on  Form  201  at  the  depot  when  the  goods  are 


94  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

sent  to  the  post,  (e)  Show  the  entries  on  Form  75  when  the  list  of 
invoices  is  sent  to  the  Quartermaster  General.  (/)  Show  the  final 
adjusting  entry  on  Form  74  at  the  Quartermaster  General's  office. 

23.  The  post  quartermaster  on  July  5  spends  $30  for  paint,  Class 
A  supplies,  S.S.  &  T.  On  July  7  he  spends  $10  more  for  paint.  Show 
the  entries  on  Form  74. 

2.  MONEY  ACCOUNTABILITY. 

a)  General  Provisions. 

b)  The  Cash  Book,  the  Cash  Blotter,  and  the  Cash  Sales  Book. 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  582-656.     General  regulations  governing  money  accountability. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§  1914-45,  1981-2006,  general  principles;  §§1945-80,  papers 
,  involved. 

Moss,  Maj.  J.  S.:  Army  Paperwork,  chap.  vii.  A  statement  of  the  prob- 
lem, illustrated  with  forms. 

Lawton,  McArthur,  and  Dempsey:  Field  Quartermaster's  Handbook,  pp.  10- 
59.  A  problem  in  handling  forms. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Forms  No.  320,  Account  Current  (Q.M.C.M.  App.  24- 
i);  321,  Abstract  of  Funds  Received  by  Transfer  from  Officers;  323,  Ab- 
stract of  Funds  Received  from  Sales  of  Services;  324,  Abstract  of  Funds 
Received  from  Sources  other  than  Sales  of  Property  or  Services  (App.  24-3) ; 
325,  Account  of  Sales  of  Public  Property  at  Public  Auction  or  on  Sealed 
Proposals  (App.  24-6);  326,  Invoice  of  "Funds  Transferred;  328,  Ab- 
stract of  Transfer  of  Funds;  32pa,  Abstract  of  Disbursements  (App.  24-7}. 

U.S.  Quartermaster  Corps:  Forms  No.  9,  Abstract  of  Subsistence  Stores 
Sold  (App.  24-4);  80,  Cash  Book;  216,  Abstract  of  Funds  Received  from 
authorized  Sales  of  Public  Property  (App.  24-5). 

U.S.  Quartermaster  General's  Office:  Form  No.  693,  Letter  of  Notification  of 
Funds  Deposited  (App.  24-28). 

U.S.  Treasurer's  Office:  Forms  No.  52 54- A ,  War  Warrant-Certificate  of 
Deposit  (App.  24-27);  2-2702,  Certificate  of  Deposit — National  Banks 
(App.  24-30). 

QUESTIONS 

a)  General  Provisions. 

1 .  Give  some  of  the  more  important  provisions  of  the  Army  Regu- 
lations in  regard  to  the  expenditure  of  moneys  by  disbursing  officers. 

2.  What  must  a  disbursing  officer  do  with  public  moneys  coming 
into  his  hands  ?    Are  there  any  exceptions  to  this  general  rule  ? 

3.  Give  some  of  the  more  important  provisions  of  the  Army 
Regulations  in  regard  to  bonds  of  disbursing  officers. 

4.  When  may  a  disbursing  officer  draw  checks  in  favor  of  himself  ? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  95 

5.  Give  some  of  the  general  provisions  governing  the  making  out 
of  checks. 

6.  At  the  close  of  each  fiscal  year  what  is  done  with  all  amounts 
remaining  to  the  credit  of  disbursing  officer  represented  by  checks  or 
drafts  drawn  upon  treasurer,  etc.,  three  or  more  years  prior  thereto? 

7.  By  whom  are  official  check  books  issued  ?     What  does  the  dis- 
bursing officer  do  with  spoiled  or  canceled  official  checks  ? 

8.  As  a  disbursing  officer  you  are  uncertain  whether  you  have  a 
right  to  make  a  certain  specific  payment.     In  order  to  protect  your- 
self, what  should  you  do  ? 

9.  If  a  creditor  dies,  what  procedure  should  a  disbursing  officer 
follow  in  making  payment  to  his  heirs  ? 

10.  What  does  a  disbursing  officer  do  with  moneys  that  he  receives 
from  sales,  etc.,  received  during  the  month?    How  does  this  money 
get  back  to  the  original  appropriation  or  allotment  ? 

11.  Is  there  a  disbursing  officer  at  a  post?   at  a  quartermaster 
depot  ?     Why  ? 

12.  Name  some  other  disbursing  officers  connected  with  the  Quar- 
termaster Corps.     Will  there  be  many  disbursing  officers  with  the 
troops  in  France  ? 

13.  Assume  that  you  have  just  been  appointed  a  disbursing  officer 
and  have  immediate  need  for  blank  checks,  in  order  to  pay  accounts 
now  due.     You  have  no  blank  checks  on  hand,  but  Capt.  John  White, 
whom  you  relieve  from  duty  as  disbursing  officer,  has  several  blank 
checks  yet  on  hand  and  agrees  to  transfer  them  to  you.     (a)  Can  you 
use  Capt.  John  White's  checks  ?     (b)  Is  there  any  formality  required 
in  this  transfer  of  checks  other  than  your  giving  a  receipt  to  Capt. 
White  ? 

14.  Assume  that  you  are  a  disbursing  quartermaster  and  that  on 
July  5,  1917,  you  have  a  balance  of  $15,000  to  your  credit  with  the 
Treasurer  of  the  United  States  pertaining  to  Pay  of  the  Army,  F.Y. 
1917.     Congress  has  not  yet  passed  the  appropriation  act  making 
funds  for  1917  available.     On  this  date  Pvt.  John  Smith,  who  was 
honorably  discharged  from  Co.  C,  24th  Inf.,  on  July  4,  1917,  presents 
you  his  final  statements  for  settlement,  calling  for  pay  as  a  private 
in  first  enlistment  period  from  June  i,  1917  to  July  4,  1917.     His 
final  statements  bear  also  the  remarks  "Due  soldier  for  clothing 
$25  .07"  and  "Due  soldier  $40  detained  from  his  pay  on  January  2, 
1914."     Can  you  settle  this  account  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

15.  Assume  that  you  are  a  disbursing  officer  at  Fort  Assiniboine, 
Montana.     On  Saturday,  July  30,  Mr.  S —     — ,  a  representative  of 
the  Bell  Telephone  Company,  which  company  furnishes  telephonic 
service  for  the  post  under  contract,  calls  on  you  and  requests  that  you 


p6  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

settle  the  account  for  July  on  that  date  by  delivering  to  him  a  check 
for  the  amount  of  rental  for  July,  but  dated  August  2.  According 
to  your  contract  with  the  company,  settlements  are  to  be  made 
monthly.  Monday  is  a  legal  holiday  in  Montana.  Will  you  do  as 
Mr.  S —  -  desires  ?  Why  or  why  not  ? 

b)  The  Cash  Book,  the  Cash  Blotter,  and  the  Cash  Sales  Book. 

1 .  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  cash  book  ?    Draw  a  page  of  the 
cash  book.     When  are  entries  made  in  the  cash  book?    How  are 
transactions  classified  in  it  ? 

2.  Some  record  is  usually  made  at  the  time  and  place  of  a  transac- 
tion.    When  a  disbursement  is  made,  what  is  the  first  paper  on  which 
the  transaction  is  received  ?    How  does  the  record  get  into  the  cash 
book? 

3.  If  money  is  spent  which  has  been  received  under  appropriations 
of  different  years,  how  is  this  indicated  in  the  cash  book  ?    In  what 
order  are  appropriations  entered  in  it  ? 

4.  Must  each  transaction  involving  cash  be  entered  separately? 
How  can  a  disbursing  officer  check  the  correctness  of  the  cash  balance 
as  shown  in  his  cash  book  from  day  to  day  ?    What  is  a  cash  blotter  ? 
When  is  it  used  ? 

5.  If  several  cash  sales  have  been  made  during  the  day,  would 
these  be  entered  separately  or  as  a  total  ?    Where  would  the  record 
of  cash  sales  be  found  ? 

6.  Where  are  credit  sales  recorded  ?    Where  are  they  taken  on  to 
the  cash  sales  book  ?    How  is  the  cash  sales  book  posted  ? 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

1.  The  disbursing  officer  receives  money,  pays  out  money,  and 
retains  a  balance  on  hand.     On  what  form  does  he  report  these  three 
classes  of  transactions?    From  what  sources  does  the  disbursing 
officer  receive  money  as  a  debit?    Toward  what  ends  does  he  send 
out  money  as  a  credit  ? 

2.  Define  the  account  current.     How  often  is  it  rendered  ?    By 
whom  is  it  rendered  ?    To  whom  is  it  rendered  ?    The  account  cur- 
rent classifies  money  transactions  by  like  kind  and  like  appropriations, 
the  former  through   the  medium  of  abstracts,   the  latter  through 
columnar  rulings  on  the  abstracts  and  cash  book.     What  is  the  reason 
for  this  dual  classification?    What  is  the  purpose  of   the  account 
current  ? 

3.  Is  the  account  current  kept  by  disbursing  officers  connected 
with  all  branches  of  the  Army  ? 

4.  From  whence  are  the  items  taken  which  are  entered  upon  the 
account  current  ? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  97 

5.  Name  the  debit  vouchers  to  the  account  current.     Name  the 
more  frequently  used  credit  vouchers.     How  many  accounts  current 
does  a  disbursing  officer  render  ? 

6.  Define  an  abstract.     What  is  its  purpose?    How  does  an 
abstract  differ  from  an  account  ?     Is  an  abstract  logically  a  medium 
or  an  original  entry  book  ?     In  point  of  time  is  an  entry  made  in  the 
abstract  of  disbursements  before  it  is  made  in  the  cash  book  ? 

7.  Do  abstracts  have  supporting  vouchers  ?     If  so,  name  some. 

8.  Are  there  any  debit  or  credit  items  appearing  on  the  account 
current  which  are  not  taken  from  abstracts  ?     Name  some  of  these 
and  give  a  reason  for  their  exclusion  from  abstracts. 

9.  Is  there  any  agreement  between  the  totals  of  the  cash  book 
entries  for  the  month  and  the  items  appearing  on  the  account  current  ? 

10.  What  is  the  cash  form  on  the  back  of  the  account  current  ? 
What  is  its  purpose?     What  are  some  debit  and  credit  transactions 
which  appear  on  it  ? 

11.  May  a  debit  to  the  subsidiary  cash  account  appear  as  a  debit 
to  the  account  current  ?    May  it  appear  on  the  account  current  ? 
What  is  the  case  with  respect  to  credits  ? 

12.  Draw  a  chart  showing  the  relationship  of  the  account  current, 
its  supporting  abstracts  and  sub-vouchers,  and  the  cash  book. 

13.  Is  a  war -warrant  receipt  entered  on  the  account  current  at  a 
post  ?    At  what  time  ?     Is  it  entered  on  an  allotment  account  ?     At 
what  time  ? 

14.  Is  the  receipt  of  money  from  a  sale  to  an  officer  entered  in  the 
account  current  at  a  post  ?     Is  it  entered  on  an  allotment  account  ? 

15.  Is  there  any  agreement  between  the  totals  on  the  account 
current  at  a  post  and  the  totals  of  cash  items  appearing  on  the  allot- 
ment account  ? 

1 6.  Record  on  the  proper  forms  the  entries  and  the  information 
involved  in  the  following  money  transactions.     Follow  the  transac- 
tions through  the  cash  book,  the  abstracts,  and  the  account  current. 
(Assume  the  following  facts:   You,  John  Doe,  Capt.  Quartermaster 
Corps,  are  disbursing  officer;  you  have  a  cash  balance  from  the  pre- 
ceding month  of  $400  under  appropriation  S.S.  &  T.).     (a)  You  receive 
on  July  2,  1917,  a  war  warrant,  No.  7280,  amount  $600,  to  apply 
on  the  following  appropriations:    S.S.  &  T.,J$3oo;    B.  &  Q.,  $200; 
S.G.  &  R.,  $100.     (b)  You  receive  $50  from  sale  of  public  property 
pertaining  to  S.S.  &  T.  appropriation  and  $30  pertaining  to  B.  &  Q.- 
Payment  in  check,  July  10.     (c)  You  receive  $50  from  sale  of  10 
boxes  of  apples  and  $4  for  6  baskets  of  peaches.     Cash  sale  to  enlisted 
men,  July  12.     (d)  You  receive  $10  from  sale  at  auction  of  5  unservice- 
able ponchoes,  S.S.  &  T.,  and  $30  from  sale  of  old  material,  S.G.  &  R. 
Payment  in  cash  by  buyer,  J.  Smith,  July  15.     (e)  You  pay  $50  to 


g8  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

the  XY  Co.  for  the  purchase  of  20  boxes  of  apples.  Payment  by 
check  No.  10,  July  18.  (f)  You  transfer  to  disbursing  officer,  Capt. 
Roe,  $100  under  S.G.  &  R. 

17.  What  is  a  purchase-money  voucher?    Does  it  support  one 
item  or  more  than  one  item  on  the  abstract  of  disbursements  ? 

3.  PROPERTY  ACCOUNTABILITY. 

a)  Property  Returns — Accounts  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations. 

i.  The  Depot  in  the  Service  of  the  Interior. 

ii.  The  Post, 
iii.  The  Regiment, 
iv.  The  Company. 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operations. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  657-726.     Rules  for  property  accountability  in  the  Army. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§601,  2007-2176,  property  records  in  the  service  of  the  in- 
terior; §§  3877-3921,  3929-34,  property  records  in  the  theater  of 
operations.  (See  also  Changes  No.  i,  April  30,  1917.} 

Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:  Army  Paperwork,  §§  222,  223,  226.  Depot  and  post 
records. 

U.S.  War  Department:   Army  Regulations,  Changes  No.  56,  1917,  entire. 

The  new  regulations  governing  unit  accountability. 
:  General  Orders  No.  58,  1917.     A  list  of  new  forms. 

U.S.  Adjutant  General's  Department:  Forms  No.  196,  Report  of  Survey; 
448,  Memorandum  Receipt;  559,  Property  Return;  600  Combination 
Blank — Invoice  or  Receipt;  60 1,  Property  Expended  Certificate;  602, 
Statement  of  Charges  against  Enlisted  Men;  603,  Due  Certificate; 
604,  Requisition  Receipt  Expended  Articles  for  Maintenance  of  Equip- 
ment "C.}) 

U.S.  Quartermaster  Corps:  Forms  No.  200,  Property  Account  (Q.M.C.M., 
App.  24-46) ;  203,  Monthly  List  of  Quartermaster  Supplies  Expended 
(App.  24-45);  2O4)  Requisition  for  Issue  of  Stationery  (App.  24-44)  J 
205,  Articles  Lost  or  Destroyed;  208,  Statement  of  Charges  (App.  24-47)  \ 
210,  List  of  Articles  Taken  Up;  214,  Statement  of  Purchases;  2/70,  Pur- 
chases of  Supplies  (App.  24-42);  219,  Return  of  Subsistence  Stores 
(App.  24-53);  22I>  Abstract  of  Purchases  on  Transfers  of  Subsistence 
Stores  (App.  24-54);  225,  Abstract  of  Beef  Cattle  and  Forage;  229,  Ac- 

<  count  of  Property  on  Memorandum  Receipts;  234,  Certificate  of  Gains, 
Losses,  and  Discrepancies  (App.  24-57);  235,  Bread  Cost  Statement 
(App.  24-56);  246,  Daily  Record  of  Issues  and  Transfers;  247,  Field 
Receipt  for  Quartermaster  Supplies;  253,  Field  Record  of  Quartermaster 
Supplies. 

U.S.  Inspector  General's  Department:  Form  No.  i,  Inventory  and  Inspection 
Report. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  99 

QUESTIONS 

a)  Property  Returns — Accounts,  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

1.  Name  several  officers  who  would  keep  a  property  account. 
Does  this  account  show  every  transaction  that  has  affected  a  given 
article  or  does  it  only  show  the  status  of  a  given  article  at  the  end  of 
an  accounting  period  ? 

2.  Is  the  return  of  subsistence  stores  a  current  record  ?     If  not, 
what  are  the  current  records  with  reference  to  subsistence  stores  ? 

3.  The  immediate  interest  of  a  "property"  officer  is  the  issue  of 
property.    As  a  current  record,  does  the  property  account  form  the 
basis  for  current  issues  ? 

4.  The  ultimate  interest  of  an  accountable  officer  is  the  making  of 
a  return  or  report  at  a  prescribed  time.     Does  the  property  account 
act  as  the  basis  for  this  return  ? 

5.  A  return  has  a  double  function  with  reference  to  the  officer  who 
receives  the  return:    (i)  it  indicates  to  him  that  the  accountable 
officer  has  properly  recorded  receipts  and  disbursements  of  property, 
and  it  therefore  acts  as  a  personal  check  upon  the  accountable  officer; 

(2)  it  indicates  to  him  the  amount  and  condition  of  stores  held  by  the 
accountable  officer,  and  it  therefore  acts  as  a  basis  for  transferring 
property.     Which  of  these  two  functions  is  more  important  in  peace 
times  ?    Which  is  more  important  in  war  times  ? 

6.  Define    the   property   account.     What   information   does   it 
contain?    How  does  it  differ  from  the  account  current?    What 
would  be  the  nature  of  a  debit  voucher  to  the  property  account? 
Name  some  debit  vouchers.     What  would  be  the  nature  of  a  credit 
voucher  to  the  property  account  ?    Name  some  credit  vouchers. 

7.  What  is  a  memorandum  receipt?     Is  property  issued  on  a 
memorandum  receipt  expended?     Is  it"  recorded  on  the  property 
account  ? 

8.  What  is  the  function  of  the  "account  of  property  on  mem- 
orandum receipts"  form  ? 

9.  What  would  be  the  nature  of  a  debit  voucher  to  the  return  of 
subsistence  stores  ?  a  credit  voucher  ?    Do  they  differ  from  the  typical 
vouchers  to  the  property  account  ?    Why  or  why  not  ? 

10.  Debit  vouchers  to  the  property  account  may  be  classified  as 
(i)  property  "from  the  source" — depots,  etc.;   (2)  property  from  the 
front — articles  taken  up,  etc.;    and  (3)  property  from  the  side — 
purchase  and  transfer.     Name  the  forms  involved  in  these  transac- 
tions. 

11.  Credit  vouchers  to  the  property  account  may  be  classified  as: 
(i)   material  destroyed  and  disappeared;    (2)   material  expended; 

(3)  material    transferred;     (4)    material   sold.     Name  some   forms 


TOO  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

involved  in  these  transactions.     Would  you  expect  many  of   these 
vouchers  forms  to  be  abstracts  ?    Why  or  why  not  ? 

12.  What  is  the  principal  information  contained  on  the  requisi- 
tion ?  the  invoice  ?  Are  these  properly  vouchers  ? 

13.  Do  reports  of  survey  and  inspection  act  as  vouchers  to  the 
property  accounts?    How?    What  information  does  each  of  these 
forms  contain  ? 

14.  Does  a  certificate  of  expenditure  act  as  a  credit  voucher  to  the 
property  account  ?    What  information  does  this  form  contain  ? 

b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations. 
i.  The  Depot  (in  the  service  of  the  interior). 

1.  The   subject   of   property   accountability   first   arises   where 
property  appears  for  money  expended  for  it — after  "money  account- 
ability" ceases.     What  organizations  and  units  spend  money  for 
property  ?    Does  the  depot  ?   the  department  ?   the  post  ?   the  divi- 
sion ?  the  regiment  ?  the  company  ? 

2.  Typically  the  depot  is  the  first  purchasing  agent  to  convert 
money  into  property,  that  is  its  function.     Some  of  the  other  organi- 
zations mentioned  above  purchase  material  as  a  "side  issue,"  but 
in  most  cases  they  receive  their  material  from  the  depot.     From  what 
sources  does  a  quartermaster  depot  receive  requisitions  for  property  ? 
from  what  units  ? 

3.  When  a  depot  buys  stock,  does  it  record  the  expenditure  on  an 
allotment?   on  a  cash  account?    What  quartermaster  form  acts  as 
a  debit  property  voucher  to  this  transaction  ? 

4.  How  does  the  warehousing  quartermaster  control  his  stock 
so  as  to  keep  it  within  a 'minimum  and  maximum  limit  ? 

5.  Trace  a  requisition  through  a  quartermaster  depot.     What 
form  is  the  common  quartermaster  requisition  ? 

6.  Who  makes  up  the  invoice  for  goods  to  be  shipped  from  the 
quartermaster  depot  ?    Where  does  he  get  the  information  ? 

7.  How  does  the  information  as  to  what  goods  are  to  be  shipped 
and  where  they  are  to  be  shipped  get  out  to  the  packing  floor  ?    What 
paper  is  sent  with  the  goods  ?    What  paper  is  returned  to  the  office  ? 

8.  Who  drops  property  from  the  depot  property  accounts  ?    How 
does  he  get  the  information  concerning  what  goods  are  shipped  in 
fulfilment  of  requisitions  ? 

9.  How  many  copies  of  a  shipping  invoice  are  made  out  by  the 
depot  quartermaster  ?     Show  how  these  copies  are  disposed  of. 

10.  What  property  account  is  kept  by  the  depot  quartermaster  ? 
What  essential  information  does  it  contain?    Name  some  of  the 
common  debit  and  credit  vouchers  to  the  depot  property  account. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  101 

ii.  Does  the  quartermaster  depot  render  a  return?    If  so,  what 
is  its  nature  ? 

ii.  The  Post. 

1.  How  often  does  a  post  quartermaster  fill  out  a  requisition? 
To  whom  does  he  send  it?    Who  finally  fills  a  post  requisition?- 
What  paper  form  arrives  with  the  property  at  the  post  from  the 
depot  ? 

2.  Do  the  requisition  and  the  invoice  provide  space  for  money 
items  ?    Why  ?    For  apportionment  items  ?    Why  ? 

3.  When  a  post  requisition  is  filled,  is  an  entry  made  on  Form 
No.  74,  Quartermaster  Corps,  at  the  post?    May  money  be  spent 
under  the  same  allotment  ? 

4.  Does  a  post  receive  a  money  allowance  for  quartermaster 
material  ?    Is  an  allotment  a  money  allowance  ? 

5.  What  forms  make  up  the  post  quartermaster's  property  return  ? 
What  information  do  the  inside  sheets  contain  ?    What  information 
do  the  covers  of  the  return  contain  ?    How  often  is  the  return  ren- 
dered?   To  whom?    How  many  copies  of  this  return  are  made? 
How  are  they  disposed  of  ? 

6.  At  the  close  of  the  accounting  period  how  are  the  property 
accounts  converted  into  a  return  ?    What  would  be  some  of  the  com- 
mon debit  and  credit  vouchers  to  this  return  ? 

7.  Name  some  transactions  at  the  post  which  would  require  both 
money  vouchers  and  property  vouchers.     Name  some  transactions 
which  would  require  only  property  vouchers. 

8.  Is  a  cash  sales  slip  an  original  entry  form  ?     Is  a  memorandum 
voucher  covering  purchases  an  original  entry  form  ? 

9.  Does  the  property  account  require  abstracts  as  vouchers? 
Does  the  return  of  subsistence  stores  ? 

10.  How  does  the  requisition  for  clothing  differ  from  the  regular 
requisition  Form  160,  Quartermaster  Corps?    What  is  the  reason? 
Which  of  these  requisitions  is  typical  of  the  requisition  made  by 
organizations  on  the  post  ?     Why  ? 

11.  What  is  Class  C  equipment  ?     Class  A ?     Class  B  ?    Does  a 
post  hold  and  issue  Class  C  equipment?    What  is  garrison  equip- 
ment ?    How  is  it  issued  to  an  organization  at  a  post  ? 

12.  You  have  purchased  500  Ibs.  of  potatoes  at  3^  cents  per  Ib. 
and  100  Ibs.  of  onions  at  4  J  cents  per  Ib.   The  stores  were  procured  from 
Mr.  B—     — :  May  29,  1916,  but  were  not  paid  for  until  June  5^1917. 
In  what  month  should  these  stores  be  taken  up  on  the  abstract  of 
purchases  and  what  notation  is  necessary  ? 

13.  The  ration  return  of  Co.  B,  i5th  Inf.,  for  July,  1917,  calls 
for  4,000  rations.     Assuming  that  the  garrison  ration  is  being  issued 


I0>  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

in  kind,  compute  the  amount  of  the  various  components  to  which  the 
company  is  entitled.  The  percentage  of  the  different  components 
are  assumed  to  be  the  same  as  those  now  used  for  computing  the  garri- 
son ration. 

14.  Capt.  A —  — ,  53d  Cav.,  has  two  private  mounts.  Compute 
the  forage  (hay  and  oats)  to  which  he  is  entitled  during  the  month 
of  June,  1917.  As  animals  seldom  eat  the  full  allowance  of  forage, 
Capt.  A —  -  procures  a  polo  pony  in  addition  to  the  two  horses  he 
already  owns.  He  desires  to  feed  this  animal  from  supplies  not  con- 
sumed by  the  other  two.  Is  this  permissable  ? 

iii.  The  Regiment. 

1.  In  the  service  of  the  interior  on  whom  does  the  regimental 
supply  officer  requisition  for  property  ?     Who.  signs  the  requisition  ? 
On  what  form  ?    What  would  be  the  procedure  if  it  were  a  regimental 
ordnance  officer  whose  activities  were  being  considered  ? 

2.  To  whom  does  a  unit  supply  officer  issue  property  ?    On  what 
form  ?    In  what  three  ways  may  a  unit  supply  officer  replenish  his 
stock  ?   When  may  a  unit  supply  officer  drop  property  from  his  return  ? 
Suppose  it  were  a  regimental  ordnance  officer  ? 

3.  What  are  the  Adjutant  General's  Office  forms  which  became 
effective  June  30,   1917,  dealing  with  Class  C  supplies   and  unit 
accountability  ? 

4.  How  are  regiments  and  smaller  units  limited  as  to  the  amount 
of  equipment  they  may  requisition?    What  are   unit  equipment 
manuals  ?  supply  and  allowance  tables  ? 

5.  May  a  unit  replace  whatever  equipment  becomes  unservice- 
able ?     Is  there  any  difference  in  peace  and  in  war  times  ? 

6.  What  is  a  due  certificate?  a  credit  slip?    To' whom  are  they 
issued  ?     What  purpose  do  they  serve  ? 

7.  What  Adjutant  General's  Office  form  is  the  report  of  survey  ? 
Who  signs  it  ?    What  Adjutant  General's  Office  form  is  the  certifi- 
cate of  expenditure  ?    Who  signs  it  ? 

8.  What  forms  are  used  by  the  regimental  supply  officer  in  making 
his  return  for  equipment  C?    Does  he  make  any  other  property 
return?     How  many  copies  of  the  return  for  equipment  C  does  he 
make  ?    How  does  he  dispose  of  them  ? 

9.  Compare  Form  599,  Adjutant  General's  Office,  and  Form  200, 
Quartermaster  Corps.     Compare  Form  599  and  Ordnance  Form  18. 
How  are  they  alike?   how  different?    What  are  some  of  the  debit 
and  credit  vouchers  to  this  property  return  ? 

10.  How  is  garrison  equipment  accounted  for  ?    Who  accounts 
for  it  ? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  103 

11.  Does  the  regimental  supply  officer  make  much  use,  if  any,  of 
memorandum  receipts  ? 

12.  If  property  is  transferred  from  one  regiment  to  another,  what 
is  the  paper  procedure  ? 

13.  If  a  regiment  moves  from  one  post  to  another  post,  what 
exchange  of  paper,  if  any,  will  occur  ? 

14.  Comment  on  the  fact  that  the  regimental  supply  officer's 
return    is    audited    before    it   leaves   the   regiment.     Why  is   this 
done? 

iv.  The  Company. 

1.  Who  has  charge  of  company  property?     Who  signs  company 
requisitions  on  the  regiment?    Who  issues  company  property  to 
the  privates  ?    How  is  property  issued  from  the  regiment  to  the  com- 
pany ?  from  the  company  to  the  men  ? 

2.  Outline  the  steps  in  the  procedure  of  issuing  one  uniform  to 
Pvt.  Morton;    of  issuing  two  pairs  of  russet  leather  shoes  to  each 
man  in  a  company  of  100. 

3.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  ration  return  and  the  return 
of  subsistence  stores?    Who  makes  out  the  ration  return  for  the 
company  ? 

4.  What  is  the  company  fund  ?     What  is  the  test  of  the  legality 
of  an  intended  disbursement  ? 

5.  What  record  has  the  company  sergeant  of  property  in  the 
hands  of  enlisted  men  ? 

6.  Does  a  company  commander  render  a  property  return  ?     Does 
a  company  commander  make  a  report  of  the  condition  and  amount 
of  property  on  hand  ?     If  so,  to  whom  ? 

7.  What  is  a  company  return  ?  a  field  return  ? 

8.  Is  there  anything  in  the  company  records  to  prevent  privates 
from  "trading"  equipment  upon  their  own  initiative? 

9.  If  property  is  transferred  from  one  company  to  another,  what 
is  the  paper  procedure  ? 

10.  If  an  enlisted  man  is  transferred  to  another  company  with  his 
equipment,  how  is  the  event  recorded  with  reference  to  equipment  ? 

11.  If  a  company  moves  from  one  post  to  another,  what  exchange 
of  paper,  if  any,  would  occur  ? 

12.  Do  the  records  show  any  officer  accountable  for  a  uniform 
which  has  been  issued  to  a  private?    for  a  ration?    Is  there  any 
difference  ? 

13.  Capt.  A —     — ,  Comdg.  Co.  L,  ist  Inf.,  desires  100  bars  of 
mosquito  netting  for  his  organization.     What  would  you  as  quarter- 
master require  of  him  before  or  at  the  time  of  issue  ? 


104  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operation. 

1.  What  record  is  kept  of  levies  of  supplies  in  the  theater  of 
operations  ? 

2.  What  record  is  kept  by  officers  of  trains,  covering  the  property 
transported  ? 

3.  "In  campaign  formal  accountability  for  certain  quartermaster 
supplies  terminates  with  their  transfer  to  the  division  or  other  unit." 
Is  any  record  of  such  materials  kept  ?     If  so,  what  and  why  ? 

4.  What  funds  do  field  commanders  have  need  of  ?     What  kind 
of  record  is  kept  of  such  funds  ? 

5.  If  a  field  officer  not  having  accountability  has  in  an  emergency 
to  buy  food  for  his  regiment,  how  can  he  provide  for  payment  ? 

6.  Will  supplies  consumed  daily,  as  subsistence  stores,  be  requisi- 
tioned for  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  ?     If  not.  how  will  they  move 
forward?    Will  new  equipment  be  requisitioned  for?    By  whom 
typically  ?    On  whom  ? 

7.  Equipment  of  two  kinds  will  move  forward  to  the  troops: 
(i)  that  in  answer  to  requisitions  from  the  front;    (2)  that  moved 
forward  for  strategical  reasons.     Will  the  latter  class  move  in  response 
to  requisitions  ? 

8.  By  whom  and  at  what  time  are  the  following  records  used: 
Form  246,  Quartermaster  Corps,  daily  record  of  issues  and  transfers; 
Form  247,  Quartermaster  Corps,  field  receipts  for  quartermaster 
supplies;    Form  253,  Quartermaster  Corps,  field  record  of  quarter- 
master supplies.     Why  are  these  abbreviated  forms  used  ? 

9.  Would  the  company  and  the  regiment  in  the  theater  of  opera- 
tion  keep    the  same  records  as   the   company   and  the  regiment, 
respectively,  in  the  service  of  the  interior  ? 

10.  What  officer  has  authority  over  the  accountable  officers  in 
the  line  of  communication  and  the  property  officers  in  the  zone  of  the 
advance.     Do  requisitions  flow  through  him  ?     If  not,  why  not  ? 

11.  Does  the  division  maintain  a  stock  of  supplies  ?    What  is  the 
function  of  the  divisional  quartermaster  ?    What  is  his  relation  to 
the  divisional  depot  ? 

12.  What  records  would  pass  through  the  hands  of  the  divisional 
quartermaster  ?    Would  he  maintain  records  of  his  own  ? 

13.  From  what  source  will  the  advance  depot  receive  requisitions  ? 
What  is  the  nature  of  incoming  papers  of  the  advance  depot  ?  of  out- 
going papers  ?    Will  an  advance  depot  in  France  do  much  purchas- 
ing ?    Will  it  receive  allotments  ? 

14.  Will  the  advance  depots  do  much  transferring  of  stock  ?     In 
response  to  what  paper  communications  ? 

15.  To/ whom  will  the  advance  depots  send  their  requisitions  for 
replenishment?    What  form  will  they  use? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  105 

1 6.  What  will  be  the  nature  of  incoming  and  outgoing  papers  of 
intermediate  and  base  depots  ?    What  will  be  the  nature  of  the  records 
of  these  depots  ?  » 

17.  By  what  means  will  the  base  depot  replenish  its  stock  ?    What 
papers  will  be  involved  ? 


1 8.  Record  on  the  proper  forms  the  entries  and  information- 
involved  in  £he  following  property  transactions.     Follow  the  transac- 
tion through  the  original  voucher  to  the  property  return.     (Assume 
that  you  are  John  Roe,  Capt.  Quartermaster  Corps,  accountable 
officer  at  Post  Fort  Wayne.)     (a)  You  purchase  5  gallons  of  paint  for 
$10.     (b)  Five  ponchoes  are  found  and  turned  in  to  you.     (c)  Ten 
ponchos,  $90,  are  sent  you  from  the  Philadelphia  Depot  in  fulfilment 
of  a  requisition  previously  sent  out  by  you.     (d)  You  invoice  twenty 
ponchos  to  another  post,     (e)   You  learn   that  three  ponchos  are 
lost  in  the  service.     You  drop  them  from  your  returns,  on  proper 
authority.     (/)  You  sell  one  poncho  to  Capt.  J.  Smith,     (g)  You  sell 
four  ponchos  at  auction  sale,     (h)  An  inspection  is  made  of  some 
quartermaster    property.     Fifteen    ponchos    are     condemned    and 
burned. 

19.  Trace  through  the  following  property  transactions  from  the 
original  voucher   to   the  return  of  subsistence  stores,   Form   219. 
(a)  You  purchase  2,000  pounds  of  potatoes  from  John  Jones  &  Co. 
(6)  In  the  production  of  x  pounds  of  bread  the  following  material 
was  expended:  1,000  Ibs.  of  flour,  3  Ibs.  of  yeast,  10  Ibs.  of  salt,  4  Ibs. 
of  lard,     (c)  According  to  your  monthly  inventory  just  completed, 
you  have  property  in  excess  of  the  amount  appearing  in  your  records 
as  follows:  10  Ibs.  of  rice;  5  Ibs.  of  tea;  5  gallons  of  vinegar,     (d),  You 
issue  10  Ibs.  of  matches  to  Troop  M,  5th  Cav. 

C.  Paperwork  of  the  Ordnance  Department. 

1.  Apportionments  and  Allotments. 

2.  Money  Accountability. 

3.  Property  Accountability. 

As  a  result  of  appropriation  acts  passed  by  Congress,  the  Chief 
of  Ordnance  is  authorized  to  spend  certain  amounts  of  money  for 
prescribed  purposes.  Through  the  medium  of  apportionments  and 
allotments  he  delegates  this  authority  to  his  subordinates.  In  order 
that  they  may  be  controlled  in  the  exercise  of  this  authority,  a 
system  of  records,  forms,  and  reports  is  necessary.  Under  the 
authority  granted  by  the  apportionments  and  allotments  above 
referred  to,  money  is  received  by  various  members  of  the  Ordnance 


io6  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Department,  and,  with  this  money,  property  is  purchased.  Properly 
to  control  this  expenditure  of  money  and  properl/  to  control  the  use 
and  disposal  of  the  property  received  as  a  result  of  this  expenditure, 
a  second  and  a  third  system  of  records,  forms,  and  reports  are  neces- 
sary. Consequently  the  discussion  of  the  "  Paper  work  of  the 
Ordnance  Department"  may  be  conveniently  divided  under  the 
subheads  given  above.  We  shall  for  convenience  and  simplicity 
discuss  these  separately.  But  it  should  be  remembered  that  they 
are  of  necessity  closely  interrelated  and  are  but  parts  of  the  main 
problem — the  proper  accounting  for  government  revenue  during  the 
process  of  its  transformance  into  services  and  supplies  for  the  use  of 
the  army. 

i.  APPORTIONMENTS  AND  ALLOTMENTS. 

a)  Division  of  Authorization. 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization. 

READINGS 

U.S.   Congress:  Public  Document  No.  u,  6$th  Congress,  Appropriation 

Act  Approved  May  12,   1917.     This   act   shows   the   divisions   of 

authorization. 
U.S.  Ordnance:    Orders  No.    12,   1910,   "Financial   Operations   of  the 

Ordnance  Department,"  abbreviated  Financial  Operations;    Title  I, 

§§  i,  2,  and  4  deal  with  apportionments  and  allotments;   §§5  and 

6  with  the  operations  under  these  subdivisions. 
U.S.  Ordnance  Department:    General  Orders  No.  j,  1915,  entire.     This 

is  an  amendment  of  a  part  of  Title  I,  §  6,  above. 
U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Forms  No.  326,  Allotment  Account;  342,  Shop 

Expense  Fund;  344,  Stock  Fund;  jpi,  Requisition  for  Funds. 

QUESTIONS 
a)  Division  of  Authorization. 

1.  Name  some  of  the  headings  under  which  appropriations  for  the 
Ordnance  Department  are  made. 

2.  What  records,  are  kept  of  apportionments  ?    By  whom  are  they 
kept? 

3.  In  what  way  are  those  to  whom  allotments  are  made  notified  ? 
Give  the  names  of  some  typical  allotment  accounts.     What  record, 
if  any,  is  kept  of  allotments  ?    There  is  a  form  that  is  used  for  keeping 
this  record ;   is  this  form  ever  deviated  from  ? 

4.  Why  is  it  necessary  for  the  recipient  of  an  allotment  to  keep  an 
allotment  account?    Is  an  allotment  account  kept  for  each  advice 
of  allotment  received  ? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  107 

5.  Draw  a  chart  showing  the  relationship  between  a  specific 
appropriation  and  allotments  under  it  in  the  Ordnance  Department. 

6.  Describe   the  important  particulars  contained  in  Ordnance 
Department  Form  No.  326,  the  allotment  account. 

b)  Utilization  of  Authorization. 

1 .  After  receiving  an  allotment  what  can  the  commanding  officer 

of  an  arsenal  do  ?    Discuss  some  of  the  restrictions  and  rules  which 

are  set  down  governing  the  proper  use  of  allotments. 

2.  After  an  allotment  has  been  made,  how  are  funds  obtained  ? 

3.  Describe  Form  391,  Ordnance  Department,  the  estimate  of 
funds. 

4.  How  often  is  an  estimate  of  funds  submitted?    Under  what 
heading  is  money  called  for?    Trace  the  steps  by  which  money  is 
sent  to  an  arsenal.     Is  an  entry  made  on  an  arsenal  allotment  account 
when  an  estimate  of  funds  is  sent  to  Washington?    Is  any  entry 
made  when  funds  arrive  ? 

5.  When  and  how  would  you  at  an  arsenal  make  an  entry  on  your 
allotment  account  for  an  allotment  made  by  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  to 
an  arsenal  ? 

6.  How  are  increases  of  an  allotment  shown?    How  are  revoca- 
tions shown  ? 

7.  The  commanding  officer  of  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal  has  some 
excess  funds  in  certain  allotments.     What  will  he  do  with  these  funds  ? 
May  he  use  these  funds  for  the  purpose  of  another  allotment  under 
the  same  appropriation?  under  a  different  appropriation?    If  so, 
under  what  safeguards  ? 

8.  Will  these  three  classes  of  expenditures,  material,  direct  labor, 
and  indirect  expense,  appear  as  a  charge  against  the  arsenal  "in- 
come"?  against  allotments?     Do  allotments  serve  to  classify  the 
income  of  an  arsenal  ? 

9.  The  arsenal  direct  pay-roll  is   totaled  for  the  month  and 
charged  against  an  allotment  as  an  actual  expenditure.     From  the 
direct  pay-roll  the  indirect  pay-roll  is  computed  on  a  percentage 
basis.    Is  the  charge  on  account  of  indirect  pay-roll  against  an  allot- 
ment for  the  month  an  actual  or  an  estimated  charge  ? 

10.  The  charge  on  account  of  material  against  an  allotment  for  the 
month  is  an  estimated  charge.     How  is  the  figure  obtained  ?     What 
is  done  if  the  estimate  turns  out  too  small  ?  too  large  ?    How;  is  this 
shown  on  the  books  ? 

1 1 .  An  expenditure  order  is  drawn  up  in  the  case  of  every  allot- 
ment; a  bill  of  materials  is  drawn  up  from  an  expenditure  order.    Is 
the  bill  of  materials  charged  against  an  allotment  account  ? 


io8  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

12.  How  many  credit  entries  per  month  are  usually  made  in  the 
amount  of  obligation  column  of  the  allotment  account  ? 

13.  How  are  the  "balance  remaining  obligated"  and  "  the  balance 
under  allotment  not  obligated"  determined  in  the  allotment  account  ? 

14.  What  is  the  purpose  of  making  pencil  entries  in  the  current 
allotment  account  ? 

15.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  unexpended  balance  of  an 
allotment  and  the  unobligated  balance?    How  may  the  amount  of 
each  be  obtained  from  the  account? 

16.  What  are  the  cash  columns  of  the  allotment  account  ?    When 
are  entries  made  in  them  ? 

17.  Is  the  "cash  balance"  of  an  allotment  account  shown ? 

1 8.  What  is  the  stock  fund  ?  the  shop  expense  fund  ?    Why  does 
an  arsenal  set  up  these  "fund"  accounts  ?    When  is  the  shop  expense 
fund  debited?  when  credited?    When  is  the  stock  fund  debited? 
when  credited  ? 

19.  Overhead  materials  when  purchased  are  charged  against  the 
stock  fund.    How  would  this  charge  be  properly  transferred  against 
the  shop  expense  fund  ? 

20.  Is  every  purchase  of  materials  on  account  of  an  allotment 
charged  against  the  stock  fund  ?    Is  a  purchase  ever  charged  directly 
against  an  allotment  ? 

21.  Suppose  an  arsenal  or  a  depot  bought  stores  for  issue.     \Vould 
there  be  a  necessity  for.  a  stock  fund  ?    Would  the  charge  be  made 
directly  against  an  allotment? 

22.  The  Ordnance  Departrhent  receives  for  the  "Manufacture 
of  Arms"  an  appropriation  for  the  year  1917  of  $2,000,000.    Of  this 
amount  $1,000,000  is  available  for  the  first  half  of  the  fiscal  year. 
The  Chief  of  Ordnance  apportions  $400,000  for  the  manufacture  of 
Springfield  rifles  and  allots  to  the  commander  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal 
for  the  manufacture  of  such  rifles  $100,000.     What  kind  of  a  record 
will  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  keep  on  which  to  record  these  apportion- 
ments ?     Show  the  entries.     Show  the  entries  made  by  the  command- 
ing officer  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal  on  Form  326  when  he  receives 
notice  of  his  allotment. 

23.  The  commanding  officer  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal  requires 
$20,000  bank  credit  during  July,  1917,  in  connection  with  the  allot- 
ment  the   "Manufacture  of  Rifles"    under   the   appropriation    the 
"Manufacture  of  Arms."     He  requisitions  previous  to  June  10,  1917, 
on  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  for  this  $20,000,  and  receives  $10,000  on 
July  2,  1917.     What  form  is  used  ?     Show  the  entry  on  the  allotment 
account. 

24.  The  Chief  of  Ordnance  revokes  $10,000  from  the  allotment 
"Manufacture  of  Rifles."    Show  the  entry  on  Form  326  at  the 
arsenal. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  109 

25.  A  bill  of  materials  for  $30,000  is  drawn  up  under  the  expendi- 
ture order  for  this  allotment  and  charged  to  the  allotment.     Show  the 
entries  on  the  allotment  account  and  on  the  stock  fund  account. 

26.  Indirect  expense  for  the  month  of  August  amounts  to  $5,000. 
Show  the  entries  on  the  allotment  account  and  the  shop  expense  fund 
account. 

27.  Material  is  purchased  amounting  to  $3,000.     Show  the  entry 
on  the  stock  fund.    Is  any  entry  made  on  the  allotment  account  ? 

2.  MONEY  ACCOUNTABILITY. 

a)  General  Provisions. 

b)  The  Cash  Book  and  the  Cash  Blotter. 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  582-656;     The  basic  rules  for  handling  government  money. 
Financial  Operations,  Title  V,  §§  1-3,  Title  IV,  §§  1-8,  Title  III,  §§  1-4, 

general  provisions  regarding  money  accountability;  Title  V,  §§4,  5, 

Title  III,  §§  5-8,  the  account  current. 
Q.M.C.M.,  §§  1958-61,  the  cash  book  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  (the 

principle  involved  is  similar  to  usage  in  the  Ordnance  Department); 

§§  1945-81,  the  account  current. 
U.S.  War  Department:   Forms  No.  320,  Account  Current;   322,  Abstract 

of  Funds  Received  from  Authorized  Sale  of  Public  Property;    325, 

Account  of  Sales  of  Public  Property  at  Public  Auction;  329,  Abstract 

of  Disbursements;    330,  et  al.   (see  Q. M.C.Ms,  Appendix  i),  Public 

Vouchers. 

QUESTIONS 

a)  General  Provisions. 

1.  Turn  to  pages  94-96  and  answer  the  questions  on  the  work 
of  the  disbursing  officer. 

2.  Is  there  a  disbursing  officer  at  an  arsenal?    Are  there  other 
disbursing  officers  in  the  Ordnance  Department? 

b)  The  Cash  Book  and  the  Cash  Blotter. 

i.  Turn  to  page  96  and  answer  questions  1-4  on  the  cash  book  and 
the  cash  blotter. 

c)  The  Account  Current  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

1.  Turn  to  pages  96-97  and  answer  questions  1-15  on  the  account 
current  and  supporting  vouchers. 

2.  Record   the  proper  forms,   the  entries,  and  the  information 
involved  in  the  following  money  transactions.     Follow  the  transac- 
tions through  the  cash  book,  the  abstracts,  and  the  account  current. 


no  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Assume  the  following  facts:  (i)  You^  John  Doe,  Capt.  Ordnance 
Department,  act  as  disbursing  officer;  (2)  you  have  a  cash  balance 
from  the  preceding  month  of  $600  under  appropriation,  Ordnance 
Stores  and  Supplies. 

a)  You  receive  on  July  2  a  war  warrant,  No.  6220,  amount  $1,000, 
to  apply  on  the  following  appropriations:    Ordnance  Stores 
and  Supplies,  $700,  Ordnance  Service,  $300. 

b)  You  receive  $200  from  sale  of  public  property  pertaining  to 
Ordnance  Stores  and  Supplies.    Payment  in  cash,  July  10. 

c)  You  pay  out  $80  on  account  of  Ordnance  Stores  and  Supplies  to 
X  Co.  and  $30  on  account  of  Ordnance  Service  to  Y  Co. 
Payment  in  check,  July  12. 

d)  You  pay  out  $60  on  account  of  Ordnance  Stores  and  Supplies  to 
A  Co.  and  $20  on  account  of  Ordnance  Service  to  B  Co.     Pay- 
ment in  cash,  July  14. 

e)  You  transfer  to  another  disbursing  officer  $200  under  Ordnance 
Stores  and  Supplies  and  $100  under  Ordnance  Service. 

3.  PROPERTY  ACCOUNTABILITY. 

0)  Property  Returns — Accounts,  and  Supporting  Vouchers, 
b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations. 

i.  The  Arsenal. 

ii.  The  Post. 

iii.  The  kegiment.  i 

iv.  The  Company. 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operations, 
vi.  The  Divisional  Depot. 

/ 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  657-726.  Fundamental  regulations  regarding  property  accounta- 
bility. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Ordnance  Property  Regulations,  1917,  §§  190-223, 
a  discussion  of  the  several  returns;  pp.  105-8,  a  list  of  forms  used 
at  arsenals;  pp.  109-14,  a  list  of  forms  used  at  posts. 

Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:  Army  Paperwork,  §§  222-23,  226,  on  post  records. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Army  Regulations,  Changes  No.  56,  1917.  Rules 
for  keeping  records  in  organizations. 

Waldron,  Maj.  W.  H.:  Company  Administration,  pp.  56-69,  on  paperwork 
of  organizations. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  58, 1917,  entire.  Is  concerned 
with  regimental  property  records. 

— :  General  Orders  No.  56,  1917,  §  3,  provisions  for  the  handling  of 
•  ordnance  property  in  time  of  war. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  in 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:    Notes  on  Ordnance  Field  Service,   §§6-7. 
Property  accountability  at  an  ordnance  depot. 

— :  Forms  No,  15  (Set),  Semi-annual  Returns,  ist  Division,  Ordnance 
Property;  16,  Register  of  Vouchers;  17,  Card  Property  Return,  2d  Divi- 
sion^ Ordnance  Property;  18  (Set),  Semi-annual  Returns;  86,  State- 
ment of  Charges;  146,  Transfer  of  Ordnance  Property  [now  displaced]; 
152,  Transfer  of  Ordnance  Property;  219,  Abstract  of  Purchases;  274, \ 
Abstract  of  Transfers;  386,  Requisition. 

U.S.  Adjutant  General's  Office:  Forms  No.  196,  Report  of  Survey,  448, 
Memorandum  Receipt;  448b,  Abstract  Record  of  Memorandum  Receipt; 
599  (Set),  Semi-annual  Returns  of  Property;  600,  Transfer  of  Property; 
60 1,  Certificate  of  Expenditure;  602,  Statement  of  Charges;  603,  Due 
Certificate;  604,  Requisition  Receipt  Expendable  Articles  for  Mainte- 
5  nance  of  Equipment  " C '." 

U.S.  Inspector  General's  Department:  Form  No.  i,  Inventory  and  Inspec- 
tion Report. 

QUESTIONS 

a)  Property  Returns — Accounts,  and  Supporting  Vouchers. 

i.  Turn  to  pages  99-100  and  answer  the  questions  on  property 
returns,  accounts,  and  supporting  vouchers,  omitting  Nos.  2  and  9. 

b)  Property  Records  of  Units  and  Organizations. 
i.  The  Arsenal. 

1.  The   subject   of   property   accountability   first   arises   where 
property  appears  for  money  expended  for  it — after  "money  accounta- 
bility"  ceases.     What  organizations   and   units   spend   money  for 
property?     Does  the  arsenal?  the  department?  the  post?  the  divi- 
sion ?  the  regiment  ?  the  company  ? 

2.  Typically  the  arsenal  is  the  first  purchasing  agent  to  convert 
money  into  property;  that  is  its  function.     Some  of  the  other  organi- 
zations mentioned  above  purchase  material  as  a  "side  issue,"  but  in 
most  cases  they  receive  their  material  from  the  arsenal.     From  what 
sources  does  an  arsenal  receive  requisitions  for  property  ?  from  what 
units  ? 

3.  When  an  arsenal  buys  stores  for  manufacture,  does  it  record 
the  expenditure  on  a  stock  fund  ?  on  a  cash  account  ?    Raw  material 
purchased  for  manufacture  is  taken  up  from  the  incoming  invoice  on 
a  balance  of  stores  sheet.     How  does  this  differ  from  a  property 
account  ? 

4.  Raw  material  is  issued,  and  dropped  on  the  balance  of  stores 
sheet  from  a  "stores  issue"  slip  made  out  with  the  bill  of  materials 
from  the  "parts  in  progress"  sheet  and  from  the  expenditure  order. 
Has  this  stores  issue  slip  any  counterpart  in  a  credit  voucher  to  the 
finished  property  account  ? 


H2  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

5.  Finished  stock  is  taken  up  on  a  "shop  transfer"  from  the  shops 
to  the  issuing  warehouse.     Does  the  shop  transfer  act  as  a  debit 
voucher  to  the  property  account  ? 

6.  Unserviceable  material  is  returned  from  the  field  to  an  arsenal 
accompanied  by  a  report  of  survey,  etc.,  and  is  taken  up  as  unservice- 
able property  on  the  arsenal  return.     Does  such  a  report  of  survey, 
etc.,  act  as  a  voucher  to  the  property  account  ? 

7.  This  unserviceable  material  goes  into  repair  like  raw  material 
into  manufacture.     Show  how  it  would  finally  be  taken  upon  the 
property  account  as  serviceable  stock  for  issue. 

8.  How  does  the  ordnance  officer  control  his  stock  so  as  to  keep  it 
within  a  minimum  and  maximum  limit  ? 

9.  Trace  a  requisition  through  an  arsenal. 

10.  Who  makes  up  the  invoice  for  goods  to  be  shipped  from  the 
arsenal  ?    Where  does  he  get  the  information  ? 

1 1 .  How  does  the  information  as  to  what  goods  are  to  be  shipped 
and  where  they  are  to  be  shipped  get  to  the  packing  floor  ?    What 
paper  is  sent  with  the  goods  ?     What  paper  is  returned  to  the  office  ? 

12.  Who  drops  property  from  the  arsenal  property  accounts? 
How  does  he  get  the  information  as  to  what  goods  are  shipped  in 
fulfillment  of  requisitions? 

13.  How  many  copies  of  a  shipping  invoice  are  made  out  by  the 
ordnance  officer  ?     Show  how  these  copies  are  disposed  of. 

14.  What  essential   information   does   Form    15   show?     What 
information  do  the  covers  to  Form  15  show?    How  often  is  this 
return  rendered  ?    How  are  the  property  accounts  converted  into  a 
return  ? 

15.  For  the  purpose  of  making  returns  the  property  in  an  arsenal 
and  handled  by  an  arsenal  is  divided  into  two  divisions.     What  are 
these  divisions?    What  forms  are  used  in  making  returns  for  the 
two  divisions  ? 

16.  Name  some  of  the  common  debit  and  credit  vouchers  to  the 
arsenal  returns. 

ii.  The  Post. 

1.  How  often  does  a  post  ordnance  officer  send  out  requisitions? 
To  whom  does  he  send  them  ?     Who  fills  the  post  requisition  ?     What 
paper  form  arrives  with  the  property  at  'the  post  from  the  arsenal  ? 

2.  Do  the  requisition  and  the  invoice  Forms  386  and  146,  Ordnance 
Department,  respectively,  provide  space  for  money  items?    Why 
or  why  not  ?     For  apportionment  items  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

3.  Does  a  post  ordnance  officer  make  expenditures  typically  ? 
Does  he  keep  allotment  accounts  ? 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  113 

4.  How  is  an  ordnance  officer  at  a  post  limited  as  to  what  property 
he  may  call  for  by  requisition?     Is  he  limited  in  cash  or  in  kind? 
What  are  the  supply  and  allowance  tables?     Do  they  pertain  to 
equipment  or  supplies  ? 

5.  What  forms  make  up  the  post  ordnance  officer's  return? 
What  information  do  the  inside  sheets  contain  ?    What  information 
do  the  covers  to  the  form  contain  ?    Point  out  the  difference  between 
these  forms  and  those  in  use  at  the  arsenal.     What  is  the  reason  for 
these  differences  ? 

6.  How  often  is  this  return  rendered  ?    To  whom  ?    How  many 
copies  of  this  return  are  made  ?    How  are  they  disposed  of  ?    What 
would  be  some  of  the  common  debit  and  credit  vouchers  to  this 
return?    Does  the  ordnance  property  return  at  the  post  require 
abstracts  as  vouchers  ? 

7.  At  the  close  of  the  accounting  period  what  is  done  to  the  post 
property  accounts  by  the  accounting  officer? 

8.  Name  some  ordnance  transactions  at  the  post  which  would 
require  both  money  vouchers  and  property  vouchers.     Name  some 
transactions  which  would  require  only  property  vouchers.     Which 
is  typical  of  post  ordnance  transactions  ? 

9.  What  is  Class  C  equipment?    Does  a  post  hold  and  issue 
Class  C  ordnance  equipment  ? 

10.  What  is  garrison  equipment  ?    How  is  it  issued  to  an  organi- 
zation by  a  post  ? 

iii.  The  Regiment. 

i.  Turn  to  pages  102-3  and  answer  the  questions  on  the  regiment. 

iv.  The  Company. 

1.  Turn  to  page  103  and  answer  the  questions  on  the  company. 

2.  Outline  the  steps  in  the  procedure  of  issuing  one  rifle  to  Private 
Jones. 

3.  Do  the  records  show  any  officer  accountable  for  a  gun  which 
has  been  issued  to  a  private  ?  for  ammunition  ?    Is  there  a  difference  ? 

v.  Units  in  the  Theater  of  Operations. 

1.  In  campaign  formal  accountability  for  certain  ordnance  sup- 
plies terminates  with  their  transfer  to  division  or  other  unit.     Is  any 
record  of  such  materials  kept  ?     If  so,  what  ?    Will  this  be  the  case 
with  most  ordnance  equipment  in  campaign  ?    Why  or  why  not  ? 

2.  Will  supplies  used  up  continually,  such  as  ammunition,  be  requi- 
sitioned for  in  the  zone  of  the  advance  ?     If  not,  how  will  it  move 
forward?    Will  new  equipment   be   requisitioned   for?   by  whom 
typically  ?  on  whom  ? 


H4  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

3.  Equipment  of  two  kinds  will  move  forward  to  the  troops: 
(i)  that  in  answer  to  requisitions  from  the  front;    (2)  that  moved 
forward  by  transferring  officers  for  strategical  reasons.     Will  the 
latter  class  move  in  response  to  requisitions? 

4.  What  field  blanks   are   used?    Are   these  forms   substitute 
for  Form  386,  the  requisition,  and  Form  146,  the  invoice  ? 

5.  Would  the  company  and  the  regiment  in  the  theater  of  opera- 
tions maintain  the  same  records  as  the  company  and  the  regiment, 
respectively,  in  the  service  of  the  interior  ? 

6.  What  officer  has  authority  over  the  accountable  officers  in  the 
line  of  communication  and  the  property  officers  in  the  zone  of  the 
advance  ?    Do  requisitions  flow  through  him  ?     If  not,  why  not  ? 

7.  What  records  would  pass  through  the  hands  of  the  divisional 
ordnance  officer  ?    Would  he  maintain  records  of  his  own  ? 

vi.  The  Divisional  Depot. 

1.  What  are  the  functions  of  a  divisional  depot  ?     What  does  each 
include  ? 

2.  What  are  the  facilities  of  an  ordnance  depot?    What  purpose 
does  each  serve  ? 

3.  From  what  sources  will  the  divisional  depot  receive  requisi- 
tions ? 

4.  With  what  problems  does  the  administration  division  of  an 
ordnance  depot  deal  ?    What  is  included  in  each  ?    Name  some  of 
the  principal  forms  used  in  each  case. 

5.  What  is  the  nature  of  incoming  papers  of  the  divisional  depot  ? 
of  outgoing  papers  ? 

6.  Into  what  branches  is  the  accounts  division  organized  ? 

7.  What  kinds  of  papers  does  the  requisition  branch  handle? 
What  papers  are  included  in  each  kind  ?    Name  or  give  number  of 
the  principal  forms  used. 

8.  With  what  important  reports  does  the  returns  branch  deal? 
What  subsidiary  papers  must  be 'handled? 

9.  Will    divisional    depots    do    much    purchasing?    Will    they 
receive  allotments  ? 

10.  Will  divisional  depots  do  much  transferring  of  stock?     In 
response  to  what  paper  communication  ? 

11.  To  whom  will  the  divisional  depots  send  their  requisitions 
for  replenishment  of  stock  ?    What  forms  will  they  use  ? 

12.  By  what  means  will   the  base  depot  replenish  its  stock? 
What  paper  will  be  involved  ?    To  whom  will  it  flow  ? 

13.  Trace  on  the  accompanying  charts  the  routing  of  the  papers 
involved  in  procurement  of  supplies  and  distribution  of  supplies. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY 


Us 


n6  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  ACCOUNTABILITY  117 

14.  Show  the  entries  made  by  the'  ordnance  officer  in  the  following 
transactions  on  the  property  vouchers  and  the  semi-annual  return  of 
ordnance  stores:  (a)  a  recruit  leaves  Post  X  and  goes  to  Post  Y. 
He  carries  with  him  i  canteen,  i  cup,  i  haversack,  i  knife,  i  meat 
can.  What  entries  at  Post  X  ?  at  Y  ?  (6)  The  Ordnance  Officer  at 
Post  X  sells  to  Major  J.  Jones  2  cups  and  i  knife,  (c)  Five  cups  are 
invoiced  from  Post  Y  to  Post  X.  What  entries  at  X  ?  at  Y  ?  (d)  fen 
cups  are  dropped  from  the  Post  Return  by  report  of  survey,  (e)  The 
regimental  ordnance  officer  requisitions  for  500  cups  on  the  post 
ordnance  officer.  The  requisition  is  filled.  What  entries  are  made  by 
the  post  ordnance  officer?  by  the  regimental  ordnance  officer? 
(/)  The  post  ordnance  officer  requisitions  on  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal 
for  500  rifles.  The  requisition  is  filled.  What  entries  at  the  arsenal  ? 
at  the  post  ?  (g)  The  regimental  ordnance  officer  turns  in  to  the  post 
ordnance  officer  five  unserviceable  rifles.  The  post  ordnance  officer 
issues  five  serviceable  rifles  in  exchange  on  the  certification  of  the 
regimental  ordnance  officer.  What  entries  are  made  by  the  post 
ordnance  officer  ?  By  the  regimental  ordnance  officer  ? 


CHAPTER  IV 

PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES 

A.  The  Purchasing  Function  and  Purchasing  Policies 

B.  Purchasing  Practices  with  Particular  Reference  to  Army  Work 

C.  Laboratory  Set,  Quartermaster  Corps 

D.  Laboratory  Set,  Ordnance  Department 

A.  The  Purchasing  Function  and  Purchasing  Policies. 

1.  Purchasing  in  Business. 

2.  Government  Purchasing. 

B.  Purchasing  Practices  with  Particular  Reference  to  Army  Work. 

1.  Formal  Contracts. 

a)  Definition  and  Use. 

b)  Formation. 

i.  Preparation  of  Specifications, 
ii.  Securing  Bids  and  Prices, 
iii.  Award, 
iv.  Execution  of  Documents. 

c)  Disposition  of  Papers  and  Reports. 

2.  Informal- Contracts,  or  Proposal  and  Acceptance  Agreements. 

a)  Definition  and  Use. 

b)  Formation. 

c)  Disposition  of  Papers  and  Reports. 

3.  Open-Market  Purchases. 

a)  Nature  and  Use. 

b)  Formation. 

c)  Reports. 

At  first  thought,  one  is  tempted  to  believe  that  a  discussion  of 
army  purchasing  might  wisely  omit  considerations  of  policy  and  con- 
fine itself  to  technique.  The  regulations  seem  technical  to  the  point 
of  eliminating  any  need  of  formulation  of  policy.  Closer  study  will 
show  the  fallacy  of  such  a  belief.  In  the  first  place,  discretion  is  left 
to  purchasing  officers  in  many  cases,  and  discretion  may  wisely  be 
exercised  only  in  terms  of  policy.  In  the  second  glace,  the  mass  of 

118 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  119 

technical  regulations  is  after  all  drawn  in  terms  of  policy.  Once  those 
policies  stand  revealed,  the  regulations  cease  to  require  memorizing  in 
a  routine  way. 

It  is,  then,  worth  the  while  of  an  army  purchasing  officer  to  be 
able  to  visualize  the  position  of  the  purchasing  function  in  modern 
business,  to  see  the  why  lying  back  of  standardized  purchasing  and  the 
specification,  to  realize  the  considerations  governing  such  problems  as 
how  much  to  buy  at  one  time,  where  to  buy,  what  terms  and  services 
to  require,  whether  to  buy  or  make.  He  can  carry  all  this  over  to 
his  army  work.  There  he  will  find  additional  lines  of  policy  laid 
down.  Army  purchasing  must  be  in  terms  of  proper  authority,  appro- 
priated funds,  the  safeguarding  of  government  honor,  and  the  just 
treatment  of  competing  bidders. 

When  it  comes  to  purchasing  practices  which  carry  out  these 
policies,  the  army  purchasing  officer  finds  the  regulations  detailed  and 
precise.  They  are  to  be  followed.  He  profits  from  a  knowledge  of 
standard  business  practices  because  of  the  gains  flowing  from  com- 
parison and  from  certain  devices  of  office  efficiency. 

[NOTE. — The  purchasing  work  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  is  not 
treated.] 

READINGS 

Kimball,  D.  S. :  Principles  of  Industrial  Organization,  pp.  199-226.  General 
background  of  supplies  and  purchasing. 

Thompson,  C.  B.:  Scientific  Management,  pp.  106-7,  I3:I>  118-19.  Pur- 
chasing in  unsystematized,  systematized,  and  scientific  management. 

Library  of  Factory  Management,  III,  Materials  and  Supplies ,  Part  i,  on  pur- 
chasing methods  in  business;  Part  2,  setting  up  material  standards. 

Rindsfoos,  C.  S.:  Purchasing,  entire.  Discussion  of  methods  and  policy 
of  purchasing,  legal  aspects  of  the  problem,  and  forms  used. 

Twyford,  H.  B.:  Purchasing,  entire.  Confined  largely  to  purchasing 
methods,  office  procedure,  and  forms. 

Church,  A.  H.:  Manufacturing  Costs  and  Accounts;  pp.  1-5,  132-55  deal 
with  the  accounting  side  of  purchasing. 

Ward,  A.  C.:  "The  Purchasing  Department  of  a  Manufacturing  Organiza- 
tion," Engineering  Magazine,  XL VI,  349-55. 

White,  H.  R.:  "Records  for  the  Purchasing  and  Supply  Departments," 
ibid.,  XL VI,  571-76. 

Morse,  WVH.:  "Purchasing  Agent  and  High  Class  Product,"  ibid.,  XLIX, 
333-35- 

Church,  E.  C.:  "The  Broad  Field  of  the  Purchasing  Agent,"  ibid.,  XLIX, 
420-21. 

Engineering  Record,  LXVII,  359-61,  Central  Purchase  and  Distribution  of 
Supplies  for  New  York  City. 

Foster,  H.  M.:  "Municipal  Supply  Department,"  Mimicipal  Engineering, 
L,  51-53;  LI,  9-10. 


1 20  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

The  Purchasing  Agent.     Especially  articles  on  governmental  buying  as 

follows:  I,  53,  135,  381;  II,  24,  1 88,  196;  III,  n,  47,  49,  91,  133, 

146,  185. 

A.R.,  §§  515-81.     The  fundamental  regulations  for  army  purchasing. 
Q.M.C.M.j  §§  714-1050,  1914-57.     Detailed  instructions  for  the  purchasing 

of  quartermaster  supplies  and  services.    Appendix  24,  Nos.  12-17,  24> 

33,  42,  and  46.     Specimen  forms  used  in  connection  with  purchasing. 
Lawton,    McArthur,    and    Dempsey:     Field    Quartermaster's    Handbook, 

Appendixes  M,  N,  O,  P,  Q,  R.     Specimen  forms  used  in  connection 

with  purchasing. 
U.S.  War  Department:    Ordnance  Property  Regulations,  1917,  §§  134-35. 

General  rules. 
U.S.  Ordnance   Orders   No.    12:    Financial  Operations   of  the   Ordnance 

Department,  U.S.  Army,  pp.  45-93.     Detailed  instructions  for  making 

purchases. 
Porter,  Col.  J.  B.:   Army  Contracts,  entire.    Three  lectures  delivered  in 

1912  summarizing  government  regulations  on  this  subject. 
Daly,  Capt.  C.  P.:    Advertising,  Contracts,  and  Desk  Efficiency,  entire.    A 

restatement  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  contracts  (1917). 

QUESTIONS 

1.  "In   these  days,  functionalization  of  business  leads  to  the 
establishment  of  a  purchasing  department."     Do  you  think  condi- 
tions in  modern  business  life  justify  setting  up  a  purchasing  depart- 
ment?    Should  purchasing  be  regarded  as  specialized  work  in  the 
army  ?     Give  reasons  for  your  answers  in  both  cases. 

2.  "The  functions  of  the  purchasing  department  may  be  stated 
as  follows:  First,  to  secure  the  most  satisfactory  materials,  including 
raw  and  finished  material  required  in  the  manufacturing  process, 
equipment,  and  general  supplies.     Second,  to  secure  the  most  desir- 
able delivery  of  the  material,  keeping  complete  and  accurate  record 
of  all  unfilled  purchase  orders.     Third,  to  obtain  the  best  terms  of 
payment  and  the  lowest  prices.     Fourth,  to  record  and  classify  all 
materials,  equipment,  and  supplies  used  by  the  establishment,  and 
list  for  easy  reference  all  supplying  firms."     Restate  .this  to  make 
it  applicable  to  army  work. 

3.  "The  purchasing  agent  should  know  exactly:  (i)  where  he  can 
obtain  what  he  needs,  (2)  the  quantities  he  needs,  (3)  the  quality  he 
must  have,  and  (4)  the  price  he  should  pay."     Where  will  he  obtain 
such  information  ? 

4.  In  what  specific  ways  is  the  purchasing  department  connected 
with  the  following  departments:   management,  accounting  and  cost, 
sales,  stores,  designing  and  engineering,  production,  financial,  legal  ? 
with  other  purchasing  organizations  of  the  same  business?     What 
advantages  are  secured  through  the  purchasing  agent's  knowledge  of 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  121 

the  plans  and  activities  of  these  departments  ?    Are  these  questions 
susceptible  of  application  to  army  work? 

5.  "The  shrewd  buyer  must  look  beyond  the  mere  price  and  must 
reach  into  the  causes  which  have  made  the  price,  and  those  that  are 
material  to  its  remaining  at  that  point,  or  in  causing  its  fluctuation 
up  or  down."     Where  will  he' get  this  information?    Has  an  army 
purchasing  officer  any  concern  with  such  information  ? 

6.  "  Successful  purchasing  is  not  a  question  of  picking  the  lowest 
bidder,  but  of  carefully  comparing  values."    What  does  this  involve  ? 

7.  "  The  modern  tendency  to  replace  rule  of  thumb  in  management 
by  foresight  and  exact  measurement  has  developed  the  use  of  specifi- 
cations."    What  is  a  specification?    How  is  it  made?     By  whom? 
Should  the  purchasing  agent  take  part  in  the  preparation  of  specifi- 
cations ? 

8.  "  Modern  business  has  become  impersonal.    This  is  clearly 
seen  in  'the  work  of  the  purchasing  agent.     He  cares  little  who  pro- 
duces the  good.     He  wants  to  be  sure  of  its  quality  in  relation  to 
price  and  delivery.     The  impersonal  specification  has  been  introduced 
to  meet  the  impersonal  situation."    Is  this  the  reason  for  the  specifi- 
cation in  army  purchasing  ? 

9.  "  Buying  is,  in  fact,  fundamentally  a  campaign  against  guess 
work."     "There  is  no  such  thing  as  scientific  buying."    Which  state- 
ment, if  either,  is  correct  ? 

10.  Enumerate  the  advantages  (a)  to  the  buyer,  (b)  to  the  seller, 
of  buying  by  specifications.     Can  specifications  be  used  for  all  pur- 
chases ? 

11.  "The  object  of  any  specification  is  to  protect  the  consumer 
against  inferior  goods  and  to  relieve  him  from  continued  anxiety  over 
the  cost  of  producing  his  output  as  affected  by  fluctuations  in  the 
quality  of  the  raw  materials."     "The  object  of  a  specification  is  not 
to  obtain  the  highest  product  at  the  lowest  possible  price,  but  to 
obtain  exactly  that  grade  of  product  which  can  be  most  economically 
used,  at  the  lowest  price."    How  would  you  define  the  object  of  a 
specification  in  army  work  ? 

12.  "A  rational  specification  crystallizes  buying  policy  at  many 
points.    It  states,  for  instance,  the  method  of  sampling,  tells  how 
much  material  one  sample  shall  represent,  prescribes  methods  of  test- 
ing, either  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  size  of  the  test  samples,  and  how  to 
forward  samples."     Can  you  think  of  anything  else  that  should  be 
included  ? 

13.  "The  buyer  who  purchases  on  the  strength  of  his  supplier's 
reputation  will  sometimes  run  less  chance  of  making  errors  and  is 
always  more  certain  of  having  these  errors  corrected  for  him  than  when 
he  buys  by  specification  regardless  of  reputation."    Does  that  mean 


122  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

that  specification  is  unnecessary  when  one  buys  of  a  well-known 
house  ? 

14.  "The  use  of  standard  specifications  is  comparatively  com- 
mon;   the  proper  following  up  of  these  specifications  by  intelligent 
inspection  comparatively  rare."     What   is   the   inevitable  result  of 
such  conditions  ?    How  should  proper  inspection  be  made  ? 

15.  "Close  buying  is  less  important  than  intelligent  buying  and 
handling."     Explain. 

1 6.  "Necessity  of  limiting  the  size  of  purchases  may  arise  from 
(a)  financial  considerations,  or  (b)  the  possibility  of  depreciation." 
Draw  up  a  list  of  the  factors  determining  how  much  shall  be  purchased 
(a)  in  business,  (b)  in  army  work. 

17.  "Correct  purchasing  requires  the  use  of  ideal  stock  plans 
built  around  classified  lines  of  goods,  and  the  ability  to  be  always 
ready  to  buy."     What  is  meant  by  ."ideal  stock  plans"  and  "ability 
to  be  always  ready  to  buy  "  ?    Is  the  army  purchasing  officer  "  always 
ready  to  buy"? 

i8.«  "The  principal  elements  of  a  purchase  are:  (i)  specification 
of  what  is  wanted;  (2)  requisition  for  a  specific  quantity;  (3)  official 
sanction  for  the  purchase;  (4)  obtaining  bids,  with  or  without  samples; 
(5)  accepting  bid  and  ordering;  (6)  receipt  of  purchase,  with  or  without 
examination  or  test;  (7)  checking,  passing,  and  paying  invoice; 
(8)  entry  of  purchase  invoice  in  appropriate  journal  form."  Who 
handles  each  of  these  in  a  business  organization  ?  in  the  Army  ? 

19.  What  should  be  (a)  the  policy,  (b)  the  procedure  of  the  govern- 
ment purchasing  officer  in  (i)  following  up  delayed  deliveries,  (2)  tra- 
cing shipments,  (3)  reporting  shortages  or  poor  quality  ? 

20.  What  determines  the  choice  of  purchasing  policies  (a)   as 
between  dealing  primarily  with  a  few  houses  in  each  line,  or  shopping 
the  entire  market;   (b)  as  between  purchasing  regularly  from  certain 
suppliers  or  changing  about;   (c)  as  between  placing  an  order  entire, 
or  splitting  it  into  small  parts;   (d)  as  between  buying  from  jobbers 
or  from  manufacturers?    Do   the  regulations  determine  the  army 
purchasing  officer's  policy  in  these  matters  ? 

21.  "Intermittent  needs  can  be  satisfied  through  current  buying 
adjusted  to  capitalize  the  most  favorable  market  conditions."    This 
is  said  of  business  conditions.     In  how  far  can  the  government  pur- 
chasing officer  take  advantage  of  the  most  favorable  market  con- 
ditions ? 

22.  "Not  only  must  the  cost  of  the  supply  itself  be  taken  into 
account;   the  cost  of  placing  the  supply  in  operation  is  also  a  factor 
in  the  situation."     What  would  the  latter  cost  involve? 

23.  "It  is  inefficient  for  the  purchasing  agent  to  direct  an1  his 
attention  to  the  price  of  the  material  purchased,  and  then  permit  it 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  123 

to  be  used  inefficiently,  uneconomically,  or  wastefully."  Does  the 
purchasing  agent's  authority  extend  to  such  matters  ?  What  can  he 
do  about  them  ?  What  would  an  army  purchasing  officer  do  in  such 
a  case  ? 

24.  What  are  the  advantages  to  buyer  and  seller  of  the  following 
terms  of  purchase:    (a)   single  contract  for  one  lot;    (b)  periodic 
deliveries  at  agreed  prices;   (c)  periodic  deliveries  at  prices  current  at 
time  of  contract;    (d)  deliveries  at  the  then  prices  between  fixed 
limits;   (e)  deliveries  at  cost  plus  an  agreed  per  centum. 

25.  "In  deciding  almost  any  problem  of  whether  to  buy  or  make, 
certain  advantages  will  suggest  buying  and  others  home  manufac- 
ture."    This  quotation  applies  to  business  practice.     What  consid- 
erations are  at  stake?     What  considerations  lead  to  government 
manufacture  of  army  supplies,  as  opposed  to  purchase  ? 

26.  "Time  is  sometimes  of  greater  moment  than  either  price  or 
quality."     Explain,  and  enumerate  some  such  occasions. 

27.  "To  buy  when  the  market  is  low  is  basic."     Is  it  always  good 
policy  in  business  ?  in  the  Army  ? 

28.  "In  the  placing  of  a  large  order,  the  credit  rating  of  the  seller 
is  as  important  as  that  of  the  buyer."     Why  ?     Does  the  government 
need  to  worry  about  the  credit  rating  of  a  firm  which  sells  goods  to  it  ? 

29.  What  does  the  expression  "well-bought"  mean  ?     What/is  the 
ultimate  test  of  a  purchase  ? 

30.  As  you  think  back  over  the  preceding  questions,  what  are  the 
requisite  natural  qualities  and  the  desirable  training  and  experience 
of  an  army  purchasing  officer  ? 

31.  With  what  materials  is  a  Quartermaster  Corps  purchasing 
officer  concerned  ?  an  Ordnance  Department  purchasing  officer  ? 

32.  In  quartermaster  work  should  you  expect  purchases  to  be 
made  mainly  at  the  depots,  the  department  headquarters,  or  the 
various   posts?    Why?     Distinguish   between    the   supplies   which 
would  be  purchased  at  a  depot,  at  a  post,  at  headquarters.     What 
would  constitute  the  market  for  a  depot's  purchases  ?  for  a  post's  ? 

33.  "Contracts  shall  not  be  made  at  posts  unless  ordered  by 
superior   authority."     Who   would   constitute   superior   authority? 
What  is  the  reason  for  this  regulation  ? 

34.  The  army  regulations  provide:   "No  contract  or  purchase  on 
behalf  of  the  United  States  shall  be  made  unless  it  is  authorized  by 
law  or  is  made  under  an  appropriation  adequate  to  its  fulfilment, 
except  for  .  .  .  ."     What  are  these  exceptions  ?    If  contracts  or  pur- 
chases are  made  for  these  exceptions,  how  great  shall  be  their  amounts  ? 

35.  Enumerate  as  many  safeguards  as  you  can  against  what  we 
call  graft  in  government  purchasing. 

36.  Who  are  ineligible  as  vendors  to  the  government  ? 


124  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

37.  How  far  is  it  a  part  of  the  purchaser's  problem  (a)  in  business, 
(b)  in  the  Army,  to  have  access  to  the  following  record  of  stores  and 
production   departments:     (i)   materials  disbursed,    (2)   balance  of 
each  kind  of  material  on  hand,  (3)  materials  required  for  present  and 
future  production  orders,  (4)  condition  of  stock  on  hand,  (5)  per- 
formance records  of  various  materials  ? 

38.  What  is  the  use  of  records  of  (i)  source  of  supply,  (2)  past 
purchases,  (3)  quality  of  past  purchases,  (4)  quotations,  (5)  price 
quotation  charts,  (6)  price  and  quantity  curves,  (7)  specifications, 
(8)  freight  rates,   (9)  files  of  inspection  reports,  and   (10)  register 
of  invoices?     How  do  they  assist  in  standardization  of  purchases, 
regularizing   of   orders,    etc.  ?     How   can    such    records   be   made  ? 
kept  up  to  date  ? 

39.  "The   accumulation   of   reliable   records   is   probably   more 
essential  for  the  purchasing  office  than  for  any  other  department 
of  a  business."     Compare  in  importance  with  sales  records,  stock 
records,  accounting  records.     Do  you  still  agree  with  the  statement  ? 
Should  it  be  qualified  or  explained  further?     How  important  are 
purchase  records  in  the  Army  ? 

40.  In  the  placing  of  special  purchases  concerning  which  he  has 
no  experience  and  but  little  data,  what  methods  can  the  purchasing 
agent  employ  for  locating  quickly  sources  of  supply,  insuring  the  qual- 
ity of  the  article  purchased,  etc.  ? 

41.  What  are  the  three  methods  of  purchase  in  army  work? 
When  is  each  of  these  methods  used  ? 

42.  The  regulations  make  clear  distinction  between  (a)  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies  and  engagement  of  non-personal  services,  and  (b)  the 
securing  of  personal  services.     Why  is  this  ?    What  are  some  of  the 
ways  of  securing  personal  services  ? 

43.  Is  competition  generally  invited  in  the  case  of  a  contract? 
an  informal  contract  ?  an  open-market  purchase  ? 

44.  How  can  competition  be  invited  in  the  case  of  an  open-market 
purchase  ? 

45.  When  may  the  invitation  of  competition  be  omitted? 

46.  You  are  facing  a  problem  involving  advertising.     How  will 
you  go  about  finding  out  the  regulations  governing  the  case  ? 

47.  Does  all  advertising  require  authority  from  Washington? 

48.  How  is  authority  to  advertise  secured  ?     What  form  is  used  ? 
Must  it  always  be  used  ?     What  report  of  newspaper  advertisements 
must  be  made  out  ?     If  no  advertising  has  been  done,  is  a  report 
required  ? 

49.  Distinguish  between  general  authority  and  special-  authority 
for  advertising.    Is  authority  necessary  for  circular  advertising? 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  125 

Who  grants  authority,  in  any  event  ?    Is  it  granted  to  the  office  or 
to  the  officer  ? 

50.  In  what  cases  may  newspaper  advertising  be  used  ?    Are 
there  any  cases  when  it  must  be  used  ? 

51.  Are    there    occasions    when    both    circular   and    newspaper 
advertising  may  be  used  ?    Are  there  any  advantages  in  using  both  ? 
Can  you  formulate  any  policy  with  respect  to  when  one  should  be 
used  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other  ? 

52.  A  purchasing  official  secured  special  authority  to  advertise. 
The  proposals  were  all  rejected.     Does  he  need  to  get  another  author- 
ity to  re-advertise  ? 

53.  A  purchasing  official  deemed  it  necessary  to  put  out  circular 
advertising  within  seven  days  of  the  time  of  opening  proposals. 
What  reports  is  he  expected  to  submit  ? 

54.  A  purchasing  official,  being  in  haste,  inserted  an  advertisement 
in  a  newspaper,  and  at  the  same  time  sent  in  a  request  for  special 
authority,  which  was,  in  due   time,  granted.     Who  will  pay  the 
bill? 

55.  You  succeed  purchasing  officer  X  and  are  making  plans  to 
purchase  supplies  by  contract  when  you  suddenly  discover  that  you 
have  no  advance  authority  to  advertise.     Delay  would  seriously 
inconvenience   the  government.     What  should  you   do   about  it? 
How  could  such  a  tangle  have  arisen?     Could  it  have  been  that 
officer  X  had  personal  permission  which  could  not  be  handed  on  to  his 
successor  ? 

56.  Captain  X  advertised  in  a  paper,  d,  for  which  advance  author- 
ity had  not  been  secured.     It  happened  in  this  way.     Captain  X 
had  secured  general  authority  to  advertise  in  three  papers,  a,  b,  and  c. 
Later  he  realized  that  a  fourth  paper,  d,  would  better  reach  the  per- 
sons desired.     What  will  happen  to  Captain  X  ? 

57.  Does  one  need  to  advertise  (a)  by  newspaper,  (b)  by  circular, 
before  making  an  open-market  purchase  ? 

58.  May  the  formal  contract  be  used  without  advertising  ?     If 
not,  why  not  ?    If  so,  under  what  circumstances  ? 

59.  What  duties  have  you,  a  purchasing  officer,  to  a  man  who  is 
working  up  proposals  ? 

60.  Enumerate  the  ways  in  which  a  would-be  bidder  may  secure 
precise  information  concerning  the  commodity  or  service  required. 

61.  A  proposal  came  in  signed  by  John  Doe,  President,  but  with 
no  reference  to  any  concern  of  which  he  was  president.    Is  this  a 
valid  proposal  ?    If  so,  of  whom  ? 

62.  "  Erasures  or  interlineations  should  be  explained  by  the  bidder, 
in  the  proposal,  over  his  signature."     Why?     What  is  the  usual 
method  of  accomplishing  this  ? 


126  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

63.  John  Doe  sent  in  a  bid  with  insufficient  postage.    The  pur- 
chasing officer  declined  to  receive  it,  with  the  result  that  Doe's  bid 
did  not  come  in  finally  on  time.     Doe  then  entered  complaint  against 
the  purchasing  officer.     Has  the  officer  a  good  defense  ? 

64.  B  mailed  a  bid  for  a  contract,  but  through  no  fault  of  his  its 
transmission  was  delayed  and  it  did  not  arrive  until  the  other  bids 
were  being  opened.     Will  his  bid  be  received  and  considered  ? 

65.  Suppose  he  were^present  and,  seeing  that  his  bid  was  too 
low  in  comparison  with  the  others,  tried  to  withdraw  it  when  it 
came  to  be  opened,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  too  late.     Could  he 
withdraw  ? 

66.  John  Doe  mails  you,  a  purchasing  officer,  an  easily  recogniz- 
able proposal.     Two  hours  prior  to  the  opening  of  the  proposals  you 
receive  from  Doe  a  formal  request  to  be  allowed  to  withdraw  from  the 
competition.     What  is  your  course  of  action  ?     Suppose  the  request 
came  after  the  opening  and  reading  of  the  bids,  but  prior  to  the  making 
of  awards  ? 

67.  Does  permission  to  withdraw  a  bid  at  any  time  before  the 
opening  include  permission  to  withdraw  a  part  of  a  bid  only  ? 

68.  What  is  the  abstract  of  proposals  ?    What  becomes  of  it 
after  it  has  been  made  out  ?     What  are  the  vouchers  to  the  abstract 
of  proposals  ? 

69.  What  becomes  of  the  proposals  after  they  have  been  read  ? 
Why  this  method  of  disposing  of  them  ? 

70.  Who  makes  out  the  abstract  of  proposals  ?    -What  becomes  of 
each  copy  if  there  are  more  than  one  ?     What  forms  are  used  for 
Ordnance  ?     For  Quartermaster  ? 

71.  ''Advertisements  or  specifications  should  be  so  worded  as  to 
permit  bids  to  be  considered  item  by  item."     Why  ? 

72.  Are  awards  always  made  to  the  lowest  bidder  ? 

73.  Work  out  a  statement  covering  the  procedure  governing  the 
care  of  proposals  as  they  come  in  and  the  opening  of  proposals  and 
making  of  award. 

74.  X  was  the  successful  bidder  for  a  formal  contract,  but  upon 
notification  of  the  award  to  him  refused  to  enter  into  the  contract. 
What  will  happen  ?     Does  the  business  world  handle  such  situations 
in  a  similar  fashion  ? 

75.  Distinguish  between  a  bond  and  a  guaranty. 

76.  When  is  a  bond  required  ?    When  can  it  be  waived  ?     How 
many  copies  of  a  bond  must  be  made?     What  becomes  of  each 
copy? 

77.  What  is  the  point  to  having  guaranties  accompanying  pro- 
posals ?     What  forms  may  such  guaranties  take  ?     In  what  amounts 
must  they  be  drawn  ? 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  127 

78.  You,  a  purchasing  officer,  have  a  contract  with  a  firm,  the 
same  being  duly  fortified  by  bonds.     You  wish  a  modification  of  the 
contract.     Must  the  bondsmen  assent  ? 

79.  What  use,  if  any,  can  you  make  of  (i)  the  guaranty  of  pro- 
posals, (2)  the  contractor's  bond,  in  case  of  open-market  purchases  ? 

80.  In  a  contract  with  a  partnership  every  reference  to  the  firm 
is  in  this  language:  "John  Doe,  a  member  of  a  partnership,"  and  the 
contract  is  signed  thus:   "John  Doe,  for  the  partnership  of  which  he 
is  a  member."     Point  out  some  of  the  obvious  difficulties  of  such 
wording.     What  is  the  correct  form  ? 

81.  You,  a  contracting  officer,  make  a  contract  with  a  corporation 
which  is  relatively- unknown  and  which  has  never  done  business  with 
the  government  before.     Make  clear  how  you  will  wish  the  contract 
to  be  signed  by  the  corporation  and  what  kind  of  evidence  you  will 
wish  to  transmit  concerning  this  signature. 

82.  Work  out  a  statement  covering  the  number  of  copies  necessary 
in  case  of  a  formal  contract,  what  is  done  with  each  copy,  and  what 
the  duties  of  the  contracting  officer  are  with  respect  to  the  copy  sub- 
mitted to  the  Returns  Office  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 

83.  Make  a  list  of  the  forms  required  to  carry  through  a  purchase 
under  formal  contract  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps.     Do  the  same  for 
the  Ordnance  Department. 

84.  Why  are  so  many  forms  used  in  army  purchasing  ?    Why  not 
reduce  them  to  two  or  three  ?    Why  not  let  contracting  officers  work 
out  their  own  forms  ? 

85.  'Are  contracts  to  be  construed  strictly  or  freely? 

86.  What  reports  of  purchases  does  the  Ordnance  Department 
require  ?     What  forms  are  used  ?    Who  makes  them  out  ? 

87.  You  have  decided  to  make  an  open-market  purchase  and  have 
made  all  proper  inquiries  amorig  dealers,  using  visits,  telephone,  and 
mail.     The  data  collected  will,  of  course,  guide  you  in  making  the 
purchase.     Shall  you  be  able  to  make  any  other  use  of  them  ?     Might 
failure  to  preserve  them  get  you  into  financial  difficulties  ?    Where 
should  such  data  be  filed  ? 

88.  How  can  it  be  said  (i)  that  open-market  purchasing  may  be 
used  in  cases  where  it  is  impracticable  to  obtain  competition  and 
(2)  that  the  purchasing  officer  should  secure  prices  from  dealers  ?    Is 
not  this  a  contradiction  ? 

89.  What  is  an  emergency  purchase  ?     Give  rules  governing  such 
purchases. 

90.  What  report  must  be  made  of  open-market  purchases  of  over 
$100  ?  of  under  $100  ?     What  is  the  form  used  ? 

91.  An  emergency  has  arisen.     Is  there  anything  to  prevent  the 
use  of  a  formal  contract?    a  proposal  and  acceptance  agreement? 


128  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

If  so,  what  prevents  such  use  ?     If  not,  why  need  we  have  the  open- 
market  purchase  system  ? 

92.  A  quartermaster  with  troops  at  the  front  finds  that  he  is  not 
able  to  carry  out  the  normal  regulations  governing  purchases  of  sub- 
sistance  supplies.     The  troops  must  be  supplied.     What  is  his  proper 
course  of  action  ? 

93.  What  form  is  used  for  requisitioning  in  the  field  ?     Is  payment 
made  ?    What  form  is  involved  if  cash  is  not  paid  ? 

94.  What  are  the  two  kinds  of  requisitions  in  the  enemy's  coun- 
try ?     Give  rules  covering  each. 

95.  A  purchasing  officer  entered   into  a  contract. to  purchase 
paint  for  a  purpose  which  no  appropriation  covered.     Think  back 
over  the  probable  history  of  the  case  prior  to  entering  into  the  con- 
tract and  enumerate  as  many  safeguards  as  you  can  against  such  an 
error  having  been  made.     Now  that  the  error  has  been  made,  what 
can  the  seller  of  the  paint  do  about  it  ?    Is  the  case  likely  to  be  caught 
before  the  paint  is  delivered  ? 

96.  How  can  the  army  purchasing  officer  secure  detailed  informa- 
tion concerning  the  purchase  of  animals,  fuel,  subsistence  stores, 
printing,  exceptional  articles  ?    How  much  of  this  detailed  information 
should  he  memorize  ? 

97.  As  quartermaster  at  Newport  News  you  are  informed  of  the 
expected  arrival  (en  route  to  a  foreign  station)  of  Transports  A  and  B 
on  June  9  and  u,  respectively.     You  are  required  to  furnish  each 
transport  approximately  5,000  pounds  of  vegetables.     Barnes  &  Co. 
agree  to  furnish  same  at  market  prices.     They  do  so  in  the*case  of 
Transport  A.     Transport  B  is  to  be  late  arriving  and  Barnes  &  Co., 
who  are  holding  Transport  B's  vegetables  in   their  cold  storage, 
request  you  to  make  payment  for  them  before  arrival  of  transport, 
stating  that  they  borrowed  money  to  purchase  same  and  must  meet 
this  obligation.     Can  you  comply  with  their  wishes  ? 

98.  As  quartermaster  you  desire  to  purchase  postage  stamps  for 
official    use.     The    Post-Office    Department    requires    payment    for 
stamps  before  they  pass  from  the  postmaster's  hands.     You  cannot 
pay  for  the  stamps  until  delivered.     How  will  you  secure  the  stamps  ? 

99.  The  current  price  of  potatoes  at  Fort  Brown  is  6  cents  per 
pound.     Potatoes  can  be  purchased  in  stores  near  the  post  at  5  cents 
per  pound.     Assuming  that  the  quartermaster  has  an  ample  supply 
of  potatoes  on  hand,  can  an  organization  commander  procure  potatoes 
for  his  organization  from  the  outside  store  ? 

-  100.  Assuming  that  you  were  quartermaster  at  Fort  Green  and 
decided  to  purchase  a  lot  of  lumber  which  is  valued  at  $3,000  and  which 
will  positively  be  required  in  25  days,  what  would  be  your  method  of 
procurement  ? 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  129 

101.  You  are  quartermaster  at  Fort  Howard  and  have  received 
a  written  order  from  the  commanding  officer  to  procure  lumber  to 
the  value  of  $600  for  delivery  the  following  day.    Assume  that  no  emer- 
gency existed  and  that  you  procured  the  lumber  in  open  market. 
If  the  expenditure  is  disallowed,  who  is  responsible?     Why? 

102.  You  are  in  urgent  need  of  2,000  pounds  of  fresh  beef  to  supply 
your  command  and  have  not  sufficient  time  to  advertise.     What  will 
be  your  action  in  this  case  and  what  report,  if  any,  will  you  make  ? 

103.  You  have  contract  with  the   F   Co.  for  furnishing  10,000 
pounds  of  potatoes  at  5  cents  per  pound  during  the  month  of  May, 
1917.    On  May  i,  1917,  you  issue  a  call  on  the  F  Co.  for  5,000  pounds 
to  be  delivered  on  May  10,  1917.     The  F   Co.  fails  to  deliver  the 
potatoes  on  that  date  and  the  potatoes  are  urgently  needed.     What 
will  be  your  action  in  this  case  ? 

104.  Assume  that  you   are   quartermaster   at  .  Fort  Jay.     The 
Q.M.G.  apportions  you  $75,000  for  construction  of  one  set  of  bar- 
racks.    When  that  work  is  well  under  way,  it  is  found  that  specifica- 
tions do  not  provide  for  a  water  system  for  the  building.    As  this  is 
an  important  item  and  very  necessary,  what  action  would  you  take  ? 

105.  Assume  you  were  quartermaster  at  Fort  Jay  and  received 
700,000  pounds  of  coal  from  a  contractor  at  $6.00  per  short  ton. 
The  guaranteed  moisture  content  was  4  per  cent  and  coal  as  delivered 
contained  2.5  per  cent  moisture.     What  premium,  if  any,  would  be 
paid  the  contractor  on  this  delivery  ?    What  adjustment  would  be 
necessary  if  moisture  content  were  5  per  cent  ? 

1 06.  Capt.  B  receives  special  authority  to  advertise  in  certain 
newpapers  for  10,000  pairs  of  shoes,  russet.     He  decides  to  give  30 
days'  notice  and  directs  the  newspaper  to  make  the  desired  insertions. 
Upon  opening  bids,  all  are  rejected.     If  he  desires  to  re-advertise, 
what  action  is  necessary  ?    Prepare  proper  advertisement. 

107.  Col.  A  of  the  Ordnance  Department  wishes  to  procure  a 
quantity  of  explosives,  to  be  manufactured  according  to  a  secret  for- 
mula.    What  will  be  his  procedure  if  these  explosives  must  be  secured 
from  a  private  establishment  ?    Will  he  advertise  ?    If  so,  how  ? 

1 08.  Capt.    B    of   the   Quartermaster   Corps    requires    certain 
patented  articles,  the  value  of  which  is  $6,000.    What  form  of  pur- 
chase will  he  use  ?    What  form  of  advertising  will  he  employ,  if  the 
price  is  fixed  by  the  patent-owner  ? 

109.  Col.  A  advertised  for  proposals  to  furnish  a  certain  com- 
modity, but  no  reasonable  bids  were  sent  in.    He  knows  of  a  dealer, 
B,  who  sent  in  no  bid,  and  goes  to  him  and  asks  his  prices.     B  is 
willing  to  handle  the  deal  at  a  reasonable  price.    Assume  that  no 
emergency  exists.     Will  Col.  A  need  to  advertise  once  more  ? 


130  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

no.  A  tornado  partially  destroys  a  storehouse  at  an  arsenal. 
Some  ordnance  stores  are  thus  exposed  to  the  weather  and  are  in 
grave  danger  of  becoming  worthless.  A  few  tarpaulins  would  save 
thern,  but  no  appropriation  is  available  for  such  a  purpose.  What 
will  the  commanding  officer  do  about  it  ? 

in.  Col.  A  desires  a  stenographer,  but  has  no  allotment  to 
cover  the  cost  of  such  services.  B  offers  to  work  gratuitously. 
What  should  Col.  A  do  about  such  an  offer  ? 

112.  An  army  of  United  States  troops  is  operating  in  foreign 
territory.     They  requisition  for  supplies  from  the  inhabitants.     The 
articles  thus  obtained  must  be  taken  up  on  one  of  three  forms. 
What  are  these  forms  ? 

113.  Capt.  X  orders  his  quartermaster  to  procure  for  him  some 
exceptional  articles  which  are  of  a  perishable  nature.     What  form  of 
purchase  will   the   quartermaster  use  in   filling  his   order?     The 
supplies  arrive  in  a  worthless  condition.     Will  Capt.  X  be  forced 
to  pay  for  them  ? 

114.  Col.    A   advertises    for   proposals    for    furnishing   certain 
supplies.     C's  proposal  is  the  lowest,  but  Col.  A  rejects  it  on  the 
ground  that  C  has  failed  to  perform  a  former  government  con- 
tract according  to  specifications.     Are  these  grounds  sufficient  for 
rejection  ? 

NOTE. — The  following  forms  are  used  in  the  laboratory  sets:  W.D.  2,  re- 
quest for  authority  to  advertise;  W.D.  14,  report  of  open-market  purchases; 
W.D.  29,  monthly  report  of  advertising;  W.D.  342,  advertising  order;- W.D.  343, 
advertising  voucher;  W.D.  330,  public  voucher  for  purchases  of  supplies  and  non- 
personal  services;  Q.M.C.  118,  general  proposal;  Q.M.C.  119,  circular  proposal; 
Q.M.C.  1190,  letter  of  acceptance;  Q.M.C.  107,  contract  for  supplies;  Q.M.C. 
124,  abstract  of  proposals;  Q.M.C.  looc,  contractor's Tx>nd;  Q.M.C.  200,  property 
account  (or  A.G.O.  599);  Q.M.C.  74,  allotment  account;  Q.M.C.  2170,  property 
voucher;  Q.M.C.  231,  contract  check  list;  0.0.559,  circular  proposal:  O.D.  575, 
general  proposal;  O.D.  586,  contract;  O.D.  558,  contractor's  bond;  O.D.  553, 
abstract  of  proposals;  O.D.  15,  return  of  first  division;  O.D.  326,  current  allot- 
ment account;  O.D.  219,  abstract  of  purchases. 


C.  Laboratory  Set,  Quartermaster  Corps. 

1.  The  Formal  Contract. 

2.  The  Informal  Contract. 

3.  The  Open-Market  Purchase. 

4.  Purchasing  in  Relation  to  Financial  and  Property  Accounts. 

A  satisfactory  comprehension  of  paperwork  cannot  be  achieved 
without  some  practical  handling  of  the  forms.  It  is  to  give  that 
practice  that  the  following  laboratory  set  has  been  introduced.  By 
its  aid  the  student  may  gain  an  appreciation  of  the  steps  involved 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  131 

in  purchasing,  the  meaning  of  the  forms  used,  and  the  relation  of  the 
forms  to  each  other  and  to  the  other  aspects  of  army  paperwork. 
To  this  end  data  have  been  furnished,  complete  enough  to  carry 
through  the  transactions  involving  each  main  type  of  purchasing. 
This  information,  together  with  the  instructions  given  on  the  forms 
themselves  and  in  the  manuals  referred  to  in  the  reading-list,  should 
be  carefully  studied. 

i.  THE  FORMAL  CONTRACT. 

Statement  of  the  problem:  Col.  John  A.  Smith,  Q.M.C.,  the 
Quartermaster  at  the  quartermaster  depot  at  3615  Iron  Street, 
Chicago,  Illinois,  requires  the  following  articles:  500  Ibs.  paint, 
yellow  ochre  in  oil;  500  Ibs.  paint,  brown  in  oil;  500  Ibs.  horseshoe 
nails.  Work  out  the  transactions  involved  in  purchase  under  formal 
contract,  using  both  forms  of  advertising. 

a)  Advertising  by  Newspaper. 

Using  the  data  furnished,  make  the  proper  entries  on  the  forms 
specified. 

i.  W.D.  Form  2,  Request  for  Authority  to  Advertise.  This  is  a 
request  for  general  authority  to  advertise  throughout  the  F.Y. 
1917  in  the  following  newspapers:  Chicago  Tribune,  Chicago  Herald, 
Chicago  American,  New  York  World,  New  York  Evening  Post.  Sent 
on  March  8,  1916,  by  the  D.Q.M.  at  Chicago  through  the  Q.M.G., 
the  estimated  cost  for  the  F.Y.  being  $500 .00. 

First  indorsement  recommends  the  approval  of  the  request  on 
March  n,  1916,  and  is  signed  by  Richard  Roe,  Capt.  Q.M.C.,  by 
authority  of  the  Q.M.G. 

Second  indorsement  approves  the  request  on  March  13,  1916,  and 
grants  authority  as  requested  to  O.D.Q.M.  at  Chicago  under  Auth. 
No.  26678;  signed  by  John  Doe,  Assistant  Secretary  of  War. 

ii.  W.D.  Form  342,  Advertising  Order.  This  is  an  order  to  the 
Chicago  American  to  run  in  its  daily  edition  on  February  24,  25,  26, 
and  27,  and  on  March  19  and  20,  1917,  an  advertisement  for  the 
specified  articles  at  the  sworn  rates  on  file  at  the  W.D.;  copies  of  the 
numbers  containing  the  advertisement  to  be  sent  to  the  Q.M.D. 
Dated  February  17,  1917;  Gen.  Acct.  No.  14;  Detail  Acct.  No.  328. 

iii.  Copy  for  the  advertisement,  covering  not  more  than  eight 
lines  and  including  the  following  points:  bids  are  to  be  received  at 
3615  Iron  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois;  bids  are  to  be  opened  at  2:oo.p.M., 
March  24,  1917;  bidders  must  state  brands  bid  upon. 

iv.  W.D  Form  343,  Public  Voucher  for  Advertising.  This  paper 
certifies  the  fact  of  advertisement  and  of  payment  therefor,  and  is 
made  out  in  duplicate. 


132  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

On  the  original  appears:  Vr.  No.  555;  Appro.  S.S.  &  T.,  Q.M.C. 
1917;  charges  at  the  rate  of  40  cents  per  nonpareil  line  for  each  inser- 
tion; first  certificate  by  the  Chicago  American,  J.  J.  Jones,  Publisher; 
second  certificate,  dated  March  30,  1917,  is  signed  by  John  A.  Smith; 
third  certificate  is  dated  April  5,  1917,  at  the  office  of  the  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  W.D.  and  is  signed  by  Walter  Brown,  Assistant  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  W.D.  Voucher  is  paid  by  check  No.  123  dated  April  15,  1917. 

On  the  copy  labeled  Memo.  Vr.  appear  data  found  on  the  original. 

On  the  reverse  of  each  sheet  appear  appropriate  data  as  found 
on  obverse. 

v.  W.D.  Form  29,  Monthly  Report  of  Advertising.  Report  of 
advertising  ordered  during  February,  1917.  Dated  March  i,  1917. 
Estimated  cost  of  the  copy  under  discussion  is  $20.00.  Signed  by 
John  A.  Smith,  Col,  Q.M.C. 

b)  Advertising  by  Circular. 

i.  Q.^t.C.  Form  119,  Circular  Advertisement  and  Proposal. 
This  is  a  circular  form  with  provision  for  proposal  to  be  filled  in  by 
the  bidder.  At  this  point  fill  in  only  the  circular  material.  Dated 
February  24,  1917.  Circular  No.  i.  Note  at  the  foot  of  the  page: 
'  'Supplies  to  be  of  first-class  quality.  Bidders  to  specify  brands  bid 
upon.  Contract  to  be  entered  into  immediately  upon  receipt  of 
award.  Supplies  to  be  delivered  at  3615  Iron  Street,  Chicago, 
Illinois." 

c)  Receipt  of  Bids  in  Response  to  Newspaper  Advertising. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  118,  General  Proposal  for  Furnishing  Supplies 
or  Services.  This  is  a  general  proposal  with  guaranty.  Dated 
March  20,  1917;  Schedule  No.  12.  In  response  to  advertisement 
dated  March  19,  1917,  a  proposal  from  William  Jones,  410  West 
Monroe  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois,  to  deliver  at  the  rate  of  total 
quantity  between  April  i,  1917,  and  June  29,  1917:  500,  Ibs. 
horseshoe  nails,  Iron  Horse  Brand,  at  4  cents  per  lb.;  500  Ibs.  yellow 
ochre  paint  in  oil,  Supreme  Brand,  at  20  cents  per  lb.;  500  Ibs.  brown 
paint  in  oil,  Champion  Brand,  at  18  cents  per  lb. 

On  reverse  of  form  appears  the  guaranty.  Dated  March  20,  1917. 
Guarantors  are  Richard  Roe  and  John  Doe,  both  of  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Witnesses  are  J.  Jones  for  Richard  Roe  and  W.  Smith  for  John  Doe. 
Affidavits  to  pecuniary  worth  of  ^$1,000  made  before  James  White, 
notary  public.  Certificate  for  both  guarantors  made  in  the  name  of 
John  Johnson,  U.S.  Commissioner. 

d)  Receipt  of  Bids  in  Response  to  Circular. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  119.  Use  the  copy  sent  out  as  circular. 
Dated  March  20,  1917.  A  proposal  from  Brown  Bros.,  400  West 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  133 

Madison  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois,  by  John  Brown,  a  member  of  the 
firm,  to  furnish  500  Ibs.  horseshoe  nails,  Iron  Horse  Brand,  at  4  cents 
per  lb.;  500  Ibs.  yellow  ochre  paint  in  oil,  Imperial  Brand,  at  18  cents 
per  lb.;  500  Ibs.  brown  paint  in  oil,  Crown  brand,  at  16  cents  per  lb. 
Therewith  is  submitted  a  certified  check  No.  583  on  the  Continental 
and  Commercial  National  Bank  for  $38.00,  i.e.,  20  per  cent  of  the 
amount  of  the  bid. 

ii.  Certified  check.  To  be  prepared  according  to  data  furnished 
above. 

e)  Procedure  on  the  Opening  of  the  Bids. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  123  or  124,  Abstract  of  Proposals.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  two  proposals  already  discussed,  the  following  should  be 
entered:  (i)  that  of  Hibbard,  Spencer,  Bartlett  &  Co.  for  nails  at 
4  cents,  yellow  paint  at  22  cents,  and  brown  paint  at  20  cents;  (2)  that 
of  the  American  Hardware  Co.  for  nails  at  4^  cents,  yellow  paint  at 
21  cents,  and  brown  paint  at  19  cents.  Certified  correct  by  John  A. 
Smith,  Col.  Q.M.C.  The  two  proposals  prepared  in  c)  and  d)  above 
should  be  numbered  in  accordance  with  the  numbers  given  them  on 
the  abstract  of  proposals. 

ii.  Award  of  contract  is  made  by  checking  the  lowest  bid  on  the 
Abstract  of  Proposals,  inserting  in  red  ink  in  the  margin  "A" 
(accepted). 

iii.  Write  a  letter  to  the  successful  bidder,  dated  March  25,  1917, 
informing  him  of  the  award  and  requesting  immediate  execution  of 
the  formal  contract. 

/)  Execution  of  the  Contract  and  Supporting  Papers. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  107,  Contract  for  Supplies.  This  is  a  contract 
between  Col.  John  A.  Smith,  Q.M.C.,  and  John  and  Frank  Brown, 
doing  business  under  the  name  of  Brown  Brothers,  dated  March  27, 
1917,  and  expiring  June  30,  1917.  Henry  Jordan  and  Joseph  Monroe 
are  sureties  to  the  amount  of  $190.00  each.  The  amount  of  the 
Appro,  is  $10,000 .00.  The  witnesses  are  R.  C.  Hunter  as  to  John  A. 
Smith  and  H.  R.  Clark  as  to  John  Brown.  The  affidavit  for  the  copy 
for  the  returns  office  is  executed  on  March  29,  1917,  in  the  presence 
of  James  White,  notary  public. 

ii.  Q.M.C.  Form  looc,  Bond.  This  form  is  used  when  the 
principal  is  an  individual  or  a  partnership  and  the  sureties  are  indi- 
viduals. The  sureties  are  both  of  Chicago,  Illinois.  The  witnesses 
are  A.  Anderson  as  to  John  Brown,  B.  Black  as  to  Frank  Brown, 
C.  Cox  as  to  Henry  Jordan,  and  D.  Davis  as  to  Joseph  Monroe. 


134  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Execution  of  bond  dated  March  27',  1917,  and  on  the  same  date  the 
certificate  of  each  guarantor  is  executed  before  James  White,  notary 
public,  the  pecuniary  worth  of  each  being  set  at  $2,000.00.  The 
acknowledgment  by  John  Johnson,  U.S.  Commissioner,  covers  both 
guarantors  and  is  executed  on  March  27,  1917. 

iii.  Q.M.C.  Form  231,  Contract  Check  List.  This  is  an  office 
follow-up  of  the  progress  of  the  contract.  The  portion  of  the  form 
above  the  double  ruling  should  be  prepared  from  data  appearing  on 
the  contract.  Check  (j/)  items  actually  executed  in  the  foregoing 
transactions;  check  (x)  other  items  that  would  have  to  be  attended 
to  if  the  full  procedure,  including  mailing  and  the  like,  had  been 
carried  through. 

2.  THE  INFORMAL  CONTRACT. 

The  problem  is  identical  with  that  used  in  connection  with  the 
formal  contract,  except  that  the  amount  of  each  item  is  reduced  to 
200  Ibs. 

a)  Advertising. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  119,  Circular  Advertisement  and  Proposal. 
Circular  No.  i,  dated  April  n,  1917,  proposals  to  be  opened  at 
2:00 P.M.  on  May  i,  1917.  Supplies  to  be  of  first-class  quality; 
bidders  to  state  the  brands  bid  upon ;  delivery  to  be  made  immediately 
upon  award  to  3615  Iron  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

b)  Receipt  of  Bids. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  119,  Circular  Advertisement  and  Proposal. 
On  April  20,  1917,  Frank  Mack,  314  North  State  Street,  Chicago, 
Illinois,  made  the  following  bid:  200  Ibs.  horseshoe  nails,  Star  Brand, 
at  5  cents  per  lb.;  200  Ibs.  yellow  ochre  paint  in  oil,  Sunrise  Brand, 
at  20  cents  per  lb.;  200  Ibs.  brown  paint  in  oil,  Diamond  Brand,  at 
20  cents  per  lb. 

c)  Procedure  on  the  Opening  of  the  Bids. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  123  or  124,  Abstract  of  "Proposals.  Add  to 
the  proposal  of  Frank  Mack  the  following:  (i)  that  of  A.  Ward  for 
nails  at  6  cents,  yellow  paint  at  21  cents,  and  brown  paint  at  20  cents; 
and  (2)  that  of  F.  F.  Willett  for  nails  at  6  cents,  yellow  paint  at 
22  cents,  and  brown  paint  at  21  cents. 

ii.  Award  of  purchase  is  made  by  marking  the  lowest  bid  accepted. 

iii.  Q.M.C.  Form  n ga,  Letter  of  Acceptance  of  Proposal.  This 
is  the  notification  of  the  award,  dated  May  2,  1917.  Purchase  order 
No.  i,  Requisition  No.  317,  File  No.  3.  Item  No.  226^,  177,  and 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES 


135 


199.  Packages  to  be  marked  for  the  Quartermaster  at  Fort  Sheridan, 
Illinois.  Other  necessary  data  may  be  secured  from  the  proposal 
and  from  the  abstract. 

3.  THE  OPEN-MARKET  PURCHASE. 

Statement  of  the  problem:  Col.  John  A.  Smith,  Q.M.C.,  the 
quartermaster  at  the  Q.M.D.  at  3615  Iron  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois, 
made  during  April,  1917,  purchases  totaling  $1,005.00.  Of  this 
amount,  $335.00  was  expended  for  supplies  of  a  character  or  an 
amount  that  did  not  warrant  the  cost  of  advertising.  An  itemized 
statement  of  these  open-market  purchases  follows : 


Date 

Vr.  No. 

From 

Articles 

Amount 

Apr!  10  
Apr.  14  
Apr.  23  
Apr.  25  
Apr.  29  

I 
2 

3 
4 

5 

Union  Hdw.  Co. 
John  Doe 
Richard  Roe 
The  XYZ  Co. 
Blank  &  Blank 

Misc.  Class  A.  Supplies 
Misc.  Class  A.  Supplies 
Misc.  Class  A.  Supplies 
Misc.  Class  A.  Supplies 
Misc.  Class  A.  Supplies 

$105.00 
IIO.OO 

8.00 
62.00 
50.00 

$335-oo 

i.  W.D.  Form  14,  Report  of  Open-Market  Procurements.  Fill 
out  the  report  with  data  given  in  the  problem. 

First  indorsement  recommends  approval  of  the  report.  Dated 
May  8,  1917,  from  O.Q.M.G.,  and  signed  by  Richard  Roe,  .Capt. 
Q.M.C.,  by  authority  of  the  Q.M.G. 

Second  indorsement  approves  the  report.  Dated  May  10,  1917, 
and  signed  by  John  Doe,  Assistant  Secretary  of  War. 

4.  PURCHASING  IN  RELATION  TO  FINANCIAL  AND  PROPERTY  ACCOUNTS. 

Since  the  procedure  and  items  are  similar  in  the  three  foregoing 
problems,  only  the  transactions  involving  purchase  by  formal  contract 
will  be  treated. 

a)  Payment  for  Advertising. 

i.  W.D.  Form  343,  Public  Voucher  for  Advertising.  This  has 
already  been  prepared. 

ii.  Q.M.C.  Form  74,  Apportionment  and  Allotment  Account. 
The  following  items  must  be  assumed:  On  July  i,  1916,  advice  of 
allotment  of  $600.00  was  received;  on  July  15,  1916,  cash  to  the 
amount  of  $600 .00  was  received  under  voucher  No.  125.  On  March 
31,  1917,  payment  was  made  for  advertising. 


136  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

b)  Payment  for  Supplies. 

i.  W.D.  Form  330,  Public  Voucher  for  Purchases  and  Services 
other  than  Personal.  This  is  the  money  voucher  covering  purchases 
of  this  sort;  Vr.  No.  137;  Gen.  Acct.  No.  54;  Detail  Acct.  No.  152; 
date  of  delivery,  May  15,  1917;  Certification  as  to  correctness  of 
account  by  John  Brown  for  Brown  Bros.;  certificate  of  receipt  of 
goods  by  John  A.  Smith.  Payment  made  by  check  No.  150  dated 
May  1 6,  1917,  of  John  A.  Smith  on  the  Treasurer  of  the  United 
States;  circular  sent  to  10  dealers. 

ii.  Q.M.C.  Form  74,  Apportionment  and  Allotment  Account. 
Enter  on  the  copy  already  prepared  the  amount  paid  for  the  sup- 
plies, as  shown  by  the  above  voucher. 

c)  Taking  up  Supplies  on  the  Properly  Account. 

i.  Q.M.C.  Form  2170,  Voucher  to  Post  Property  Account. 
Date  of  authority  filed  July  i,  1916. 

ii.  Q.M.C.  Form  200,  or  A.G.O.  Form  599,  Property  Account. 
This  is  the  individual  account  of  property,  each  item  on  a  separate 
sheet.  Forms  should  be  filled  out  for  the  three  items  purchased. 

D.  Laboratory  Set,  Ordnance  Department. 

1.  The  Formal  Contract. 

2.  The  Informal  Contract. 

3.  The  Open-Market  Purchase. 

4.  Purchasing  in  Relation  to  Financial  and  Property  Accounts. 

The  instructions  (pp.  130,  131)  for  use  of  the  laboratory  set  for  the 
Q.M.C.  apply  equally  to  the  following  problems. 

i.  THE  FORMAL  CONTRACT. 

Statement  of  the  problem:  Col.  George  W.  Burr,  command- 
ing the  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  requires  one  lot  of  20,000  cartridge  cases 
for  the  Driggs-Schroeder  4-inch  gun.  Execute  the  necessary  papers 
for  their  purchase  under  formal  contract. 

a)  Advertising. 

i.  W.D.  Form  2,  Request  for  Authority  to  Advertise.  A 
request  for  general  authority  to  advertise  throughout  the  F.Y.  1917 
in  the  following  newspapers:  Chicago  Tribune,  Chicago  Herald,  and 
Pittsburgh  Journal.  Sent  by  C.O.  Rock  Island  Arsenal  through 
Chief  of  Ordnance.  Dated  May  12,  1916,  the  estimated  cost  being 
$500.00. 

First  indorsement  recommends  approval,  is  dated  May  15,  1916, 
and  signed  by  James  Fitch,  Capt.  Ord.  Dept. 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES  137 

Second  indorsement  grants  request  under  Authority  No.  5167,  is 
dated  May  17,  1916,  and  signed  by  John  Doe. 

ii.  W.D.  Form  342,  Advertising  Order.  This  is  an  order  to 
the  Chicago  Tribune  to  run  in  its  daily  edition  on  March  4,  5,  6,  and  7 
and  on  April  9  and  10,  1917,  an  advertisement  for  the  specified  items 
at  the  sworn  rates  on  file  in  the  W.D.;  copies  of  the  numbers  contain- 
ing the  advertisement  to  be  sent  to  the  office  of  Col.  Burr.  Dated 
March  i,  1917;  Gen.  Acct.  No.  37;  Detail  Acct.  No.  548. 

iii.  Copy  for  the  advertisement,  including  the  following  points: 
cartridge  cases  to  measure  up  to  the  specifications  on  file  at  the  office 
of  the  C.O.  Rock  Island  Arsenal  under  specifications  No.  X33~ 
ii ;  bids  to  be  accompanied  by  a  guaranty  and  to  be  opened  at 
2:00  P.M.,  April  22,  1917;  bids  to  be  prepared  in  duplicate. 

iv.  W.D.  Form  343,  Public  Voucher  for  Advertising.  This 
paper  signifies  the  fact  of  advertisement  and  of  payment  therefor, 
and  is  made  out  in  duplicate.  Vr.  No.  67;  Appro.  Ord.  and  Ord. 
Stores  1917;  charge  for  this  advertisement  of  8  lines,  50  cents  per 
nonpareil  line  for  each  insertion;  first  certificate  by  the  Chicago 
Tribune,  W.  B.  Martin,  Publisher;  second  certificate,  dated  May  i, 
1917,  by  Col.  George  W.  Burr;  third  certificate,  dated  May  10, 
1917,  from  the  office  of  the  Chief  Clerk  of  the  W.D.,  by  Walter  Brown, 
Asst.  Chief  Clerk.  Voucher  paid  by  check  No,  735,  dated  May  15, 
1917,  drawn  by  A.  Anderson,  disbursing  officer. 

v.  W.D.  Form  29,  Report  of  Advertising.  Report  of  advertis- 
ing ordered  during  March,  1917,  dated  April  i,  1917;  estimated  cost 
$24.00. 

b)  Receipt  of  Bids. 

i.  O.D.  Form  575,  Proposal.  This  a  general  proposal  of  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation,  by  John  A.  Fox,  President,  dated 
April  12,  1917,  at  Gary,  Indiana,  made  in  accordance  with  the  adver- 
tisement of  March  6,  1917.  Principal  agrees  to  enter  into  contract 
within  five  days  of  award  to  make  deliveries  before  August  5,  1917, 
at  a  price  of  $2 .  50  per  cartridge  case.  The  guaranty  is  by  the  United 
Sureties  Co.  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  dated  April  12,  1917,  pursuant  to 
resolutions  of  its  board  of  directors  passed  on  January  5,  1910;  signed 
by  F.  J.  Wilson,  President,  and  attest  by  E.  Johns,  Vice-President. 

c)  Procedure  upon  the  Opening  of  the  Bids. 

i.  O.D.  Form  553,  Abstract  of  Proposals.  In  addition  to  the 
bid  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  enter  bids  of  (i)  Bethlehem 
Steel  Co.,  at  $2. 65,  delivery  promised  by  July  30, 1917;  and  (2)  Illinois 
Steel  Co.,  at  $2.60,  delivery  by  August  15,  1917. 


138  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

ii.  Award  of  contract  is  made  by  checking  the  accepted  bid,  that 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  with  the  notation  "A" 
(accepted)  on  the  Abstract  of  Proposals. 

iii.  Write  a  letter  to  the  successful  bidder,  dated  April  23,  1917, 
giving  notice  of  the  award  and  requesting  immediate  execution  of  the 
formal  contract. 

d)  Execution  of  the  Contract  and  Supporting  Papers. 

i.  O.D.  Form  586,  Contract.  Execution  completed  and  con- 
tract dated  April  25,1917;  copy  forwarded  to  Returns  Office  on  May  5, 
1917.  Contract  to  expire  August  5,  1917.  The  witnesses  are  D. 
Davis  as  to  John  A.  Fox  and  E.  Evans  as  to  Col.  George  W.  Burr. 

ii.  O.D.  Form  558,  Bond.  The  principal  is  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation  (incorporated  in  the  State  of  Illinois) ;  the  surety 
is  the  United  Sureties  Co.  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  for  the  penal  sum  of 
$25,000.00.  The  date  of  the  instrument  is  April  26,  1917, 'and  it  is 
signed  for  the  principal  by  John  A.  Fox,  President,  pursuant  to  a 
resolution  of  its  board  of  directors  passed  on  February  10,  1914, 
witnessed  by  B.  Black.  The  signature  for  the  surety  company  is  that 
of  F.  J.  Wilson,  President,  pursuant  to  a  resolution  of  its  board  of 
directors  passed  on  January  5,  1910,  attest  by  E.  Johns,  Vice- 
President. 

e)  Reporting  the  Purchase. 

i.  O.D.  Form  219,  Abstract  of  Purchases.  This  is  a  monthly 
report  of  purchases,  on  which  each  procurement  is  entered.  In  this 
case  assume  that  the  purchase  was  made  in  August,  1917,  dating  the 
abstract  as  of  that  month.  The  voucher  number  is  to  be  secured 
from  the  Public  Voucher  for  Supplies,  W.D.  Form  330,  to  be  pre- 
pared later. 

2.  THE  INFORMAL  CONTRACT. 

Statement  of  the  problem:  The  commanding  officer  of  the  Rock 
Island  Arsenal,  Col.  George  W.  Burr,  requires  100  non-skid,  clincher, 
rubber  tires,  size  30 X3^,  for  the  Ford  military  truck.  Make  out  the 
necessary  papers  for  their  procurement  under  an  informal  contract. 

a)  Advertising. 

i.  O.D.  Form  559,  Circular  Advertisement  and  Proposal.  This 
is  a  combination  form,  of  which  only  the  advertisement  part  should  be 
filled  out  at  this  point.  Dated  July  10,  1917;  bids  to  be  opened 
at  2:00  P.M.,  July  30,  1917,  at  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal;  proposal 
to  be  marked  " Proposals  for  Ordnance  Supplies  No,  i," 


PURCHASING  POLICIES  AND  PRACTICES 


139 


b)  Receipt  of  Bids. 

i.  O.D.  Form  559,  Circular  Advertisement  and  Proposal.  The 
proposal  should  be  entered  on  the  copy  used  above.  The  bid  is  from 
the  Goodyear  Tire  and  Rubber  Co.,  of  Akron,  Ohio,  by  M.  N.  Martin, 
President,  dated  July  22,  1917.  The  price  is  $14.00  each,  delivery 
to  be  made  within  10  days  from  receipt  of  order. 

c)  Procedure  upon  the  Opening  of  the  Bids. 

i.  O.D.  Form  553,  Abstract  of  Proposals.  Add  to  the  Goodyear 
bid  (i)  that  of  the  Diamond  Rubber  Co.,  of  $14.30,  delivery  within 
12  days;  and  (2)  that  of  the  United  States  Tire  Co.,  of  $14.30, 
delivery  within  12  days. 

ii.  The  award  is  made  by  properly  checking  the  lowest  bid. 

iii.  Write  a  letter  to  the  successful  bidder,  giving  notice  of  award 
and  recapitulating  all  the  material  facts  of  the  deal. 

d)  Reporting  the  Purchase. 

i.  O.D.  Form  219.  Enter  this  purchase  on  the  August  report. 
Number  of  voucher  is  136. 

3.  THE  OPEN-MARKET  PURCHASE. 

Statement  of  the  problem:  Col.  George  W.  Burr,  comman- 
dant at  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  made  during  the  month  of  August, 
1917,  purchases  of  supplies  needed  so  urgently  that  the  delay  incident 
to  advertising  was  impracticable.  An  itemized  statement  of  these 
open-market  purchases  follows: 


Date 

Vr.  No. 

From 

Articles 

Amount 

Aug.  10  
Aug.  i  T 

137 

n8 

J.  L.  Ryan 
Ford  Motor  Co 

3  portable  forges 
i  motor  and  transmission 

$105.00 

Aug.  20  
Aug.  21  

139 
140 

Velie  Motor  Co. 
James  R.  Brown 

complete 
i  rear  axle  for  truck 
i  dz.  sets  drawing  instru- 
ments 

175.00 
150.00 

70.00 

i.  W.D.  Form  14,  Report  of  Open-Market  Procurements. 
Enter  the  data  listed  above.  Tp  find  the  total  amount  of  procure- 
ments for  the  month,  add  the  purchases  by  formal  and  informal  con- 
tract to  those  made  on  the  open  market. 

First  indorsement  recommends  approval,  is  dated  September  5, 
1917,  and  signed  by  J.  D.  Carlson,  Capt.  Ord.  Dept. 


140  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Second  indorsement  approves  the  purchase  under  date  of  Sep- 
tember 10,  1917,  and  is  signed  by  John  Doe,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War. 

ii.  O.D.  Form  219,  Abstract  of  Purchases.  Enter  the  open- 
market  purchases  on  the  sheet  heretofore  used  and  close  the  report. 

4.  PURCHASING  IN  RELATION  TO  FINANCIAL  AND  PROPERTY  ACCOUNTS. 

Since  the  procedure  for  the  three  cases  is  similar,  only  the  tran- 
saction under  the  formal  contract  will  be  considered  unless  there  is 
specific  note  to  the  contrary. 

a)  Payment  for  Advertising. 

i.  W.D.  Form  343,  Public  Voucher  for  Advertising.  This  has 
already  been  prepared. 

ii.  O.D.  Form  326,  Current  Allotment  Account.  This  is  the 
record  of  allotment  on  which  all  the  appropriate  transactions  cov- 
ering purchasing  in  the  Ordnance.  Department  should  be  entered. 
Assume  a  cash  balance  on  hand  on  March  31,  1917,  of  $60.000.00. 
Enter  payment  for  advertising  on  proper  date  as  shown  by  the 
voucher. 

b)  Payment  for  Supplies. 

i.  W.D.  Form  330  or  3300,  Public  Voucher  for  Supplies  and 
Services  Other  than  Personal.  Prepare  this  form  for  the  purchase 
under  formal  contract  only,  this  being  typical  of  this  sort  of  purchasing. 
Use  the  following  data:  Vr.  No.  135;  Gen.  Acct.  57;  Detail  Acct. 
456;  date  of  delivery,  August  i,  1917;  the  second  certificate  is  the 
approval  for  $50,000.00  by  M.  F.  Ramsey,  Maj.  Ord.  Dept.  Pay- 
ment is  made  by  check  No.  56,  dated  August  5,  1917,  of  A.  Anderson 
on  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

ii.  O.D.  Form  326,  Current  Allotment  Account.  Enter  the  pay- 
ment for  the  cartridge  cases,  assuming  arbitrary  numbers  where 
none  are  given. 

c)  Taking  up  Supplies  on  the  Property  Return. 

i.  O.D.  Form  15,  Semi- Annual  Return,  ist  Division.  This  is 
the  principal  property  return  of  the  arsenal.  On  it  should  be  appro- 
priately entered  a  record  of  all  the  purchasing  transactions  which 
have  been  handled  under  D,  i,  2,  and  3. 


CHAPTER  V 

STORES  AND  STOWING 

A.  The  Storeskeeping  Function 

B.  Storeroom  Procedure 


Relatively  little  formal  literature  has  been  developed  in  army 
stores  handling  and  control.  For  that  matter,  the  business  literature 
on  the  subject  is  neither  abundant  nor  particularly  significant.  None 
the  less,  efficient  storeskeeping  is  essential  to  successful  campaigning 
under  the  conditions  of  this  present  war,  and  it  deserves  treatment  as 
adequate  as  may  be. 

The  method  followed  in  this  syllabus  is  that  of  discussing  stand- 
ard business  practices  and  policies  with  pointed  applications  to  army 
needs.  The  material  here  presented  should  be  supplemented  by  field 
work  and  paperwork. 

A.  The  Storeskeeping  Function. 

B.  Storeroom  Procedure. 

1 .  Prerequisites  of  a  Proper  Stores  System. 

a}  Determination  of  Maxima  and  Minima. 

b)  Location  and  Arrangement  of  the  Storeroom. 

c)  Development  of  Classification  and  Symbolization. 

2.  The  Routine  Work  of  the  Stores.  Department. 

a)  Receiving. 

b)  Stowing. 

c)  Issuing. 

3.  Accounting  for  Stores. 

a)  Balance  of  Stores. 

b)  Perpetual  Inventory. 

READINGS 

Kimball,  D.  S.:  Principles  of  Industrial  Organization,  pp.  205-18.  Defini- 
tions and  functions  of  stores  and  stock. 

Duncan,  J.  C.:  The  Principles  of  Industrial  Management,  chap.  xvii.  A 
concise  statement  concerning  purchase  and  storage  control  of  raw 
materials. 

141 


142  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Library  of  Factory  Management,  III,  chaps,  xiii-xix.  Various  aspects  of 
storeskeeping. 

Twyford,  H.  B.:  Purchasing,  chap.  xi.  Storeskeeping  in  its  relation  to 
purchasing. 

"Efficiency  in  the  Stores  Department,"  Electric  Railway  Journal,  XL VI, 
pp.  906-10.  Practical  results  of  proper  storing. 

"Storeroom  Systems,"  ibid.,  XLVII,  pp.  1174-76.  An  accountant's  view- 
point of  the  control  of  stores. 

"  Perpetual  Inventory  in  Practical  Stores  Operation,"  Engineering  Magazine, 
XL VIII,  pp.  879-88.  Accounting  for  stores. 

"System  in  a  Factory  Stock  Department,"  ibid.,  XLIX,  pp.  174-83.  An 
illustrated  article  describing  the  system  adopted  in  one  plant. 

"The  Arrangement  and  Operation  of  Storerooms,"  Industrial  Engineering, 
XIII,  pp.  495-500.  Proper  physical  arrangement  of  stores,  illus- 
trated. 

"Storekeeper  and  Storehouse,"  Municipal  Engineering,  L,  pp.  131-32.  A 
brief  discussion  from  the  standpoint  of  government  storeskeeping. 

Woods,  C.  E.:  Unified  Accounting  Methods  for  Industrials,  chap.  iv.  The 
accounting  side  of  the  problem. 

Church,  A.  H.:  Manufacturing  Costs  and  Accounts,  Part  2,  chaps,  iv-vi. 
Stores  accounting  and  its  relation  to  financial  accounting. 

Nicholson,  H.  L.:  Cost  Accounting,  Theory  and  Practice,  pp.  80-92.  De- 
scription of  the  necessary  records. 

Parkhurst,  F.  A.:  Applied  Methods  of  Scientific  Management,  2d  ed.,  pp.  70- 
78,  89-105.  Storeskeeping  as  practiced  at  one  plant. 

Thompson,  C.  B.:  Scientific  Management,  pp.  461-79,  485-519,  on  sym- 
bolization. 

A.R.,  §§  1000-1002.     The  storage  function  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

Q.M.C.M.,  §§46-49,  54~55>  2209-10,  2258-59,  2309-13,  2729-68,  3847, 
rules  for  quartermasters;  Appendix  13,  plan  of  a  clothing  storehouse. 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Notes  on  Ordnance  Field  Service,  Parts  i  and  2. 
Storage  for  ordnance  material  in  the  field  of  operations. 

:  Regulations  for  the  Care  and  Test  of  Smokeless  Powder  and  Other 

Explosive  Materials  in  Store  at  Ordnance  Establishments  and  in  Service, 
entire.  An  instruction  manual  having  to  do  chiefly  with  storeskeeping. 

QUESTIONS 
A.  The  Storeskeeping  Function. 

1.  Distinguish  stock  and  stores.     Which  is  handled  at  arsenals? 
at  depots  ?  at  posts  ?    Does  the  government  nomenclature  correspond 
to  business  usage  ? 

2.  Distinguish  stores  from  topis  and  equipment.     What  account- 
ing practice  makes  this  distinction  important?     Is  the  method  of 
stowing  the  same  ?    Is  the  distinction  useful  in  army  storeshandling  ? 
If  so,  where  ? 

3.  Consider  these  statements  of  the  functions  of  stores: 


STORES  AND  STOWING  143 

"The  storeskeeper's  function  is  to  (a)  receive  and  take  charge  of 
all  material  delivered  for  temporary  storage;  (b)  see  that  all 
of  this  material  is  properly  accounted  for  and  none  lost  or 
stolen;  (c)  issue  materials  and  supplies  in  proper  quantity 
without  loss  of  time  or  waste  of  material." 

"The  functions  of  the  stores  department  include  ordering,  testing, 
inspecting,  receiving,  storing,  exchanging,  issuing,  repairing, 
and  accounting  for  materials,  supplies  and  equipment." 

"  The  most  important  function  of  a  storehouse  system  is  to  control 
and  account  for  the  receipt  and  distribution  of  supplies  required 
for  immediate  use.  The  modern  storehouse  is  a  clearing-house 
through  which  supplies  are  received  in  anticipation  of  immediate 
requirements  and  distributed  to  meet  these  requirements." 

"  The  principal  business  of  the  storeroom  is  to  anticipate  the  needs 
of  the  factory  in  the  most  effective  and  economical  manner. 
It  must  (a)  issue  requisitions  on  the  purchasing  department  for 
the  most  economical  amount  of  the  right  kind  of  material  for 
delivery  at  the  most  advantageous  time ;  (b)  store  all  material 
in  a  safe  and  convenient  manner;  (c)  check  all  material  received 
as  to  quality  and  quantity;  (d)  issue  materials  and  supplies 
in  the  exact  amounts  needed  and  at  the  exact  time  required; 
(e)  maintain  exact  records  of  all  receipts  and  issues  and  of  all 
balances  on  hand." 

Make  your  own  statement  of  the  functions  of  the  stores  depart- 
ment. Are  the  functions  of  army  stores  identical  with  those  of 
business  stores  ? 

4.  "The  prime  object  of  a  proper  stores  system  is  to  (a)  know 
what  stores  are  needed  for  prompt  and  efficient  management  of  a  busi- 
ness ;   (b)  know  where  each  item  of  stores  is  and  keep  absolute  control 
of  it  while  in  process  of  manufacture."     Is  all  of  this  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  stores  department?     Do  (a)  and  (b)  adequately  define 
the  prime  objects  of  army  storeskeeping  ?     Give  reasons  for  your 
answer. 

5.  "To  anticipate  the  needs  of  the  factory,  the  storeroom  must 
issue  requisitions  on  the  purchasing  department  for  the  most  economi- 
cal amount  of  the  right  kind  of  material  for  delivery  at  the  most 
advantageous  time."     Should  the  storeskeeper  decide  the  most  eco- 
nomical amount  and  the  most  advantageous  time  for  delivery  ?     Will 
the  quotation  apply  in  army  storeskeeping  ?     If  so,  where  ? 

6.  "The  stores  department  may  be  made  a  leader  and  driver  of 
the  manufacturing,  supervising  and  operating  officers."     If  this  were 
true  for  the  Army,  to  what  results  would  it  lead  ? 

7.  "  Good  storeskeeping  principles  are  fundamentally  the  same  for 
all  the  various  sizes  and  types  of  factories."     "You  cannot  instal  a 


144  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

ready-made  stock  department  in  any  company."     Which,  if  either, 
of  these  statements  is  incorrect  ? 

8.  Explain  by  chart  or  otherwise  the  relation  of  stores  to  purchas- 
ing, production,  sales,  estimating  (planning)  departments. 

9.  "The  purchase  of  material  is  related  very  closely  to  stores- 
keeping,  but  the  purchasing  agent  should  not  be  the  storeskeeper." 
Why  or  why  not?     What  should  be  the  situation  in  the  Army? 
What  is  the  situation  ? 

10.  "The  utilization  of  the  general  storehouse  for  taking  over 
equipment  from  departments,  and  reissuing  the  same  to  other  depart- 
ments requiring  it,  saves  the  difference  between  the  prices  obtained 
for  used  equipment  at  forced  sales  and  the  cost  of  new  equipment 
which  would  otherwise  have  to  be  purchased."     Would  this  be  a 
function  of  the  storehouse  ?     Is  it  a  practicable  plan  ?     What  quarter- 
master practice  is  somewhat  comparable  ? 

n.  Is  the  disposition  or  utilization  of  waste  or  scrap  material  a 
problem  of  the  storeskeeper  ?  What  solutions  would  you  suggest  ? 
How  is  worn-out  ordnance  material  disposed  of  ? 

12.  " The  stores  problem  is  in  essence  a  problem  of  stores  control." 
Explain. 

13.  What  do  you  understand  by  control  of  stores?    Is  it  paper 
control,  safekeeping,  or  something  else  ? 

14.  Business  stores  are  largely  for  production  or  resale;    army 
stores  are  largely  for  consumption.     Does  that  make  any  difference 
in  the  principles  which  govern  their  care  ? 

15.  How  do  "badly  organized  stores  cause  loss  of  time,  space, 
and  capital"?    Which  of  these  is  of  the  most  importance  in  army 
stores  handling  ? 

16.  "Stock  is  more  important  than  the  money  it  represents." 
In  what  ways  is  this  true  of  the  army  stores  ? 

17.  What  arguments  can  be  advanced  for  requiring  that  the 
employees  of  the  stores  department  be  bonded?     Will  these  argu- 
ments hold  for  the  army  storeskeeper  ? 

1 8.  Who  determines  what  materials  shall  be  carried  in  stores? 
the  need  for  increasing  stores  ?    Answer  for  (a)  business;  (b)  Quarter- 
master Corps,  both  in  general  and  as  to  a  particular  post;  (c)  ordnance 
depot;   (d)  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  to  be  carried  at  a  post. 

19.  What  is  meant  by  "stores  turnover"?     What  determines 
the  ideal  rate  of  turnover  ?    What  has  it  to  do  with  stores  control  ? 
Does  it  mean  anything  in  army  storeskeeping  ?    If  so,  answer  for 
the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Ordnance  Department. 

20.  "The  basis  for  a  smooth-running  system  of  stores  accounts 
is  an  exact  knowledge  of  requirements  and  an  absolute  control  of 


STORES  AND  STOWING  145 

stores  from  one  central  department."     What  does  control  involve? 
Does  this  statement  apply  to  the  Army  ? 

21.  Does  the  percentage  of  materials  expense  to  the  total  expenses 
of  a  business  constitute  a  safe  guide  in  determining  the  importance 
of  controlling  stores  carefully  ?     Why  or  why  not  ?    Will  it  be  any 
guide  in  controlling  stores  in  a  military  campaign  ? 

22.  Draw  up  a  statement  of  the  relative  difficulty  of  controlling 
stores  in  the  interior  and  in  the  theater  of  operations,  stating  definitely 
the  factors  entering  into  eaclf  situation. 

B.  Storeroom  Procedure. 

i.  PREREQUISITES  or  A  PROPER  STORES  SYSTEM. 
a)  Determination  of  Maxima  and  Minima. 

1.  What  does  the  expression  " maximum  and  minimum"  mean  in 
reference  to  storeskeeping  ?    Is  it  used  in  government  stores  work  ? 
Of  what  use  are  maximum  and  minimum  limits  ? 

2.  What  items  enter  into  a  decision  concerning  how  much  stock 
to  keep  on  hand  ?    What  variables  of  change  may  upset  the  calcu- 
lation of  stock  limits  ?     Mention  changes  internal  and  external — for 
both  business  and  a  military  organization. 

3.  What  departments  of  a  business  must  co-operate  in  determining 
how  much  stock  to  keep  on  hand  ?    What  is  the  storeskeeper's  func- 
tion in  such  determinations  ?    Who  determines  the  amount  of  quarter- 
master supplies  to  be  kept  ?  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  ? 

4.  If  the  purchasing  agent  is  held  responsible  for  purchases  to 
keep  a  plant  running,  what  is  his  relation  to  the  question  of  mainte- 
nance of  stock  and  determination  of  maximum-minimum  limits  ?    If 
the  commanding  officer  is  responsible  for  winning  victories,  what 
should  be  his  relation  to  the  same  matters  in  army  work  ? 

5.  "The  records  in  the  purchasing  office  will  determine  the  exact 
quantities  used  in  a  given  period,  and  any  intelligent  person  can  fix 
the  high  and  low  with  these  records  as  a  basis,  taking  into  considera- 
tion also  the  most  economical  quantities  to  buy  in  the  matter  of  price, 
freight  charges,  etc."     Do  you  agree?    Why  or  why  not?    Answer 
for  business  and  for  the  Army. 

6.  What  are  the  consequences  of  excess  of  stores  beyond  reason- 
able provision  ?  what  of  a  deficit  of  stores  ?     How  can  over-investment 
in  stores  be  prevented  ?    What  would  constitute  excess  of  stores  in  a 
military  campaign  ? 

7.  How  does  the  quartermaster  at  a  post  determine  the  maximum 
and  minimum  to  be  maintained  of  articles  under  his  care  ?     What  is 
his  procedure  when  stores  exceed  the  maximum  ? 


146  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

8.  When  is  the  minimum  reached — when  articles  are  apportioned 
or  when  they  are  drawn  from  the  storeroom?  How  are  surpluses 
and  deficiencies  in  stocks  at  posts  adjusted  ? 

b)  Location  and  Arrangement  of  the  Storeroom. 

1.  "The  first  step  in  a  proper  stores  system  is  to  consolidate  all 
stores  in  one  or  more  centrally  located  storerooms."     Why?     Why 
one  or  more?    How  can  you  secure  the  advantages  of  centralized 
administration  and  of  sub-storeroom  disbursements  ?     Is  the  present 
government  scheme  of  storing  supplies  in  the  interior  one  of  centraliza- 
tion or  decentralization  ?    What  reasons  lie  behind  it  ? 

2.  What  are  the  arguments  for  a  central  storeroom?  for  several 
scattered  storerooms?    Apply  them  to  Quartermaster  Corps  stores; 
to  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores. 

3.  Assuming  the  wisdom  of  a  centralized  stores  department  for 
materials  used  in  the  manufacturing  process,  would  you  keep  in  the 
same  stores  department  materials  and  supplies  for  the  engine-room 
and  the  offices,  for  construction  and  maintenance  ?    Are  articles  for 
use  of  the  different  army  supply  services  handled  at  the  same  store- 
house (a)  in  times  of  peace?    (b)  at  semi-permanent  camps  in  the 
interior  during  war  ?  (c)  in  the  field  of  operations  ? 

4.  What  is  a  portable  sub-storeroom  ?     Is  it  anything  more  than 
a  method  of  issuing   stores?     What  constitutes   a   portable    sub- 
storeroom  in  army  practice  ? 

5.  Should  you  say  receipt,  delivery,  or  economit  storage  is  the 
determining  factor  in  locating  the  storeroom  ?     How  do  the  size  of 
stores,  value  of  stores,  and  systems  of  internal  transportation  influence 
the  problem?    Will  these  different  factors  have  the  same  relative 
importance  in  locating  quartermaster  depots  in  the  interior  ?  ordnance 
field  depots  in  France  ?     Will  any  other  factors  enter  ? 

6.  What  special  precautions  should  be  taken  with  stores  in  yards  ? 
with  subsistence  stores  outside  of  buildings?    with  ordnance  and 
ordnance  stores  in  the  open  ? 

7.  "The  location  of  an  item  of  stores  is  governed  by  size,  shape, 
and  quality;  difficulty  of  handling ;  quantity  to  be  carried ;  frequency 
of  use;    special  considerations,  such  as  sensitiveness,  perishability, 
etc."     Work  out  definite  statements  of  how  each  of  these  considera- 
tions would  tend  to  influence  the  location.     Would  there  be  major 
differences  for  business  and  for  the  government  ? 

8.  What  is  the  relation  of  maximum  and  minimum  requirements 
to  the  problem  of  apportioning  space?    ?Is  there  any  good  reason 
for  apportioning  to  a  lot  of  goods  much  more  space  than  is  actually 
needed  for  storing  the  articles  ? 


STORES  AND  STOWING  147 

9.  Enumerate  cases  where  the  value  of  the  product,  perishable 
nature,  etc.,  determine  special  locations  and  conditions  of  storage 
(a)  in  business;    (b)  in  quartermaster  storage;    (c)  in  ordnance  work. 

10.  "The  maximum  amount  ordinarily  stowed  should  occupy  not 
more  than  75  per  cent  of  the  space  available."     "Every  available  bit 
of  space  in  the  storeroom  should  be  utilized."     Reconcile  these  state- 
ments.    Does  the  second  mean  floor  space,  wall  space,  or  cubic 
space  to  you  ? 

11.  How  do  such  matters  as  light,  passage  of  trucks,  pneumatic 
tube  service,  determine  the  lay-out   of   the   storeroom?     Do   they 
affect  quartermaster  supplies  lay-out  ?    Ordnance  Department  ? 

12.  Make  a  drawing  of  a  storeroom  floor  plan,  indicating  windows. 
Show  the  arrangement  of  articles  in  the  storeroom  that  will  give  the 
maximum  of  daylight  without  undue  waste  of  floor  space. 

13.  What  determines  the  provision  for  aisles  in  storerooms? 

14.  What  is  the  advantage  of  interchangeable  units  of  storage 
space?   of  bin  subdivisions?    What  is  the  most  satisfactory  sort  of 
bin  for  general  storeroom  use  ?    Why  ? 

15.  Approximately  how  much  storage  space  (square  feet  of  floor 
space)  is  required  for  the  proper  storage  of  30  days'  complete  garrison 
rations  for  the  enlisted  men  of  a  brigade  of  infantry  (maximum 
strength),  the  vegetable  component  being  70  per  cent  potatoes  and 
30  per  cent  tomatoes,  rations  piled  nine  feet  high  ? 

1 6.  Compute  the  approximate  cubic  feet  of  space  required  to 
store  30  days'  full  garrison  ration  of  frozen  beef  for  enlisted  men  of  an 
infantry  division  at  maximum  strength,  beef  to  be  stored  flat. 

17.  Is  a  good  physical  arrangement  of  an  advance  ordnance  depot 
of  more  or  less  importance  than  an  equally  satisfactory  lay-out  of  a 
depot  in  the  service  of  the  interior  ?     Give  reasons  for  your  answer. 

1 8.  How  should  the  storeroom  be  arranged  to  prevent  theft  of 
material  ?    Who  has  the  responsibility  for  preventing  theft  of  articles 
from  government  storehouses  ? 

19.  "Stores  should  be  arranged  so  they  can  be  found  by  a  com- 
parative stranger."     Do  you  agree?     What  method  can  be  devised 
to  interpret  the  arrangement  of  stores  to  a  comparative  stranger  ? 

20.  What  kinds  of  storehouses  are  maintained  at  semi-permanent 
camps  ?     What  are  the  differences  in  their  functions  ? 

2 1 .  What  rules  has  an  army  storeskeeper  to  guide  him  in  locating 
and  arranging  a  storeroom  ? 

22.  Compare  the  functions -and  physical  aspect  of  the  following 
storehouses:   (a)  an  arsenal  with  an  ordnance  depot  in  the  theater  of 
operations;   (b)  a  quartermaster  depot  in  the  service  of  the  interior 
with  a  quartermaster  depot  in  the  theater  of  operations;    (c)  a  regi- 
mental storehouse  at  a  mobilization  camp  with  a  trench  dump. 


148  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNAKCE  SUPPLY 

c)  Development'  of  Classification  and  Symbolization. 

1.  Define  classification  and  symbolization. 

2.  "The  first  step  in  a  classification  of  stores  is  to  determine,  the 
groups  into  which  the  various  items  logically  fall."     What  would  be 
the  basis  of  grouping:    size,  use,  material,  initial  letter  of  name,  or 
what  else  ?     What  determines  the  classification  of  Quartermaster 
Corps  articles ;   of  Ordnance  Department  articles  ? 

3.  What  is  a  "functional  classification"  of  stores?     Is  it  desir- 
able? 

4.  "The  mere  classification  of  stores  leads  at  once  to  a  careful 
consideration  of  the  real  needs  of  the  business  and  an  immediate 
adjustment  to  requirements."     Comment. 

5.  Why  is  it  necessary  to  have  symbols  for  stored  articles  ?     Why 
not  list  them,  issue  them,  etc.,  by  name  and  description?     What  is 
the  main  purpose  of  symbolization  ?     Is  it  as  important  in  the  Army 
as  in  business  ?  for  clothing  as  for  munitions  ? 

6.  What  methods  of  symbolization  are  used  in  common  business 
practice  ?    What  method  is  used  for  quartermaster  stores  ?   for  ord- 
nance stores?   for  raw  material  stores  at  arsenals?     In  cases  where 
an  army  storeskeeper  has  no  system  set  for  him,  what  considerations 
would  influence  his  choice  of  a  system  ? 

7.  What    numerical    systems   of   symbolization   are   available? 
What  are  their  advantages  ?  and  disadvantages  ? 

8.  "The  requisites  for  a  good  system  of  symbolization  are  sim- 
plicity, brevity,  definiteness,  flexibility,  conformity  to  other  symbol 
systems."     How  does  the  mnemonic  system  meet  this  test? 

9.  For  what  do  letters  of  the  alphabet  stand  in  the  Taylor 
mnemonic  classification  ?    How  are  stores  for  a  variety  of  purposes 
indicated  ?     How  are  dimensions  indicated  ? 

10.  Does    a    letter    mean    the    same   at    the   beginning   of    a 
mnemonic   symbol    as    when    used    within    the    symbol  ?     Does    a 
long   mnemonic   symbol   mean   a   part?     What   does   a   dash   in- 
dicate ? 

11.  "The   mnemonic   symbolization   of   stores   is   impracticable 
where  a  large  variety  is  carried/'     Why  or  why  not?     Where  in 
government  stores  handling  are  mnemonic  symbols  used?     Do  the 
results  there  bear  out  this  criticism  ? 

12.  "If  the  stores  are  extensive,  a  book,  plan,  or  written  record 
showing  the  location  of  the  stores  is  imperative."     How  would  you 
arrange  this  finding  list  ?     How  can  such  a  method  be  made  operative 
in  field  depots  and  semi-permanent  camps  which  are  likely  to  be  estab- 
lished or  moved  on  very  short  notice  ? 


X 


STORES  AND  STOWING  149 

2.  THE  ROUTINE  WORK  OF  THE  STORES  DEPARTMENT. 

a)  Receiving. 

1.  What  are  the  storeskeeper's  duties  on  receipt  of  goods?     Will 
his  duties  be,  on  the  whole,  different  in  handling  government  stores  ? 

2.  What  items  should  a  checker  of  incoming  material  watch  for? 

3.  "The  storeskeeper  or  his  receiving  clerk  should  not  receive 
anything  unless  he  has  a  copy  of  the  purchasing  agent's  order." 
Why?    What  paper  will  be  the  storeskeeper's  guide  for  receipt  of 
goods  at  a  post  ?  at  an  ordnance  depot  ?  at  an  arsenal  ? 

4.  "The  receiving  department  should  be  advised  as  to  vendor's 
name  and  kind  of  article  expected,  but  not  the  quantity."     What 
arguments  can  you  give  for  and  against  this  method  of  blind  check- 
ing ?     Is  blind  checking  ordinarily  done  in  army  stores  receiving  ? 

5.  What  procedure  is  necessary  for  reporting  deliveries  not  in 
accord  with  order,  claims  for  shortages,  etc.,  (a)  in  the  business  world  ? 
(b)  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps  work  ? 

6.  What  is  the  storeskeeper's  responsibility  for  testing  materials  ? 
At  which  of  the  following  places  will  the  testing  or  inspecting  func- 
tion be  important,  and  why:  post  or  station,  arsenal,  Quartermaster 
Corps  depot,  ordnance  depot?     What  is  the  duty  of  the  quarter- 
master who  discovers  damaged  subsistence  stores  in  a  shipment  ? 

7.  What  procedure  would  you  set  up  for  returns  to  stores  ?     What 
situations  make  returns  necessary?     Will  you  have  this  matter  to 
deal  with  in  government  work  ?     If  so,  where  ?     What  device  is 
used  for  issuing  articles  which  will  probably  be  returned  after  a 
time? 

8.  Goods  which  will  be  used  in  only  one  department  and  for  one 
particular  purpose  arrive  at  the  factory.     Should  they  be  sent  direct 
to  the  department  concerned,  or  received  in  stores  and  thence  issued 
to  the  department  after  checking,  etc.,  according  to  the  regular 
routine  ?     If  the  first  method  is  followed,  how  will  the  storeskeeper 
obtain  accounting  control  of  them  ?    What  is  the  procedure  when  a 
quartermaster  depot  purchases  an  order  of  goods  for  the  use  of  one 
particular  post,  to  fill  just  one  requisition  ? 

9.  What  forms  are  necessary  for  recording  receipt  of  goods  ?     For 
what  sort  of  entry  on  the  stores  accounting  books  do  they  constitute 
the  basis — debit  or  credit?     What  is  a  "goods  received  note"?    a 
"stores  received  list"  ?   a  " goods  received  book"  ?     Are  any  of  these 
forms  used  in  the  receipt  of  army  stores  ?    If  so,  give  the  name  and 
number  of  the  forms. 

10.  Should  receiving  forms  indicate  the  exact  place  in  which  the 
items  specified  are  stored  ? 


150  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

b)  Stowing. 

1.  Define  the  following  terms:  stowing;  item;  lot;  unit;  article. 

2.  How  can  you  " secure  immediate  accessibility  of  each  lot  of 
e*very  item"  ?     Can  it  be  done  in  army  stores  handling  ? 

3.  Is  it  worth  while  for  a  business  manager  to  give  attention  to 
such    details   as   the   position   of   articles   in   stores,  uniformity  or 
reversing   of  packages,  position   of   labels;    making   and   enforcing 
rules  that  goods  should  be  stored  in  units  in  which  issued;  piling  in 
rows  or  columns,  to  indicate  the  number  of  items  at  a  glance,  etc.  ? 
What  would  the  "  etc."  include  ?     Is  it  worth  while  for  a  commissioned 
officer  to  give  his  personal  attention  to  such  details  ? 

4.  The  Manual  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps  directs  that  supplies 
should  be  left  in  the  original  packages  while  in  storage.     Is  this  good 
storehouse  theory  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

5.  What  check  should  be  placed  on  the  use  of  aisle  space  for  stow- 
ing ?     Why  is  columnar  piling  to  be  preferred  to  pyramidal  ?     What 
is  the  advantage  to  be  secured  by  the  use  of  the  standard  rectangular 
unit? 

6.  "  Stores  should  be  so  handled  as  to  be  accessible  for  inventory, 
free  from  vermin,  overheat,  dampness,  pilfering."    Are  there  any 
other  considerations  ?    Which  of  the  factors  mentioned  would  apply 
with  greater  weight  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  ?    to  the  Ordnance 
Department  ? 

7.  What  special  considerations  will  be  involved  in  the  selection 
of  the  places  in  which  to  store  quartermaster  supplies?    ordnance 
materials  ? 

8.  What  provisions  should  be  made  for  fire  protection  in  piling 
stores  ?     What  determines  the  height  of  piling  ? 

9.  What  is  concentration  of  stores  upon  the  storehouse  floor? 
How  is  it  secured  ? 

10.  Describe  the  block  warehouse  system;  the  numeral  system  of 
storage.     When  is  each  used  ? 

11.  Describe  the  floor  plan  of  the  quartermaster  clothing  storage 
house. 

12.  What  is  the  double-bin  system?    What  are  its  advantages? 
its  disadvantages?    When  the  double-bin  method  is  not  used,  how 
can  you  make  sure  that  old  stock  is  used  first  ?     Is  anything  gained 
by  giving  each  lot  a  lot  number  ? 

13.  Explain  the  working  of  the  system  of  bin  tickets  and  tempo- 
rary tickets  for  stores  ticklers.     Is  this  system  applicable  to  govern- 
ment stores  ? 

14.  Suggest  mechanical  devices  (a)  for  automatically  showing 
when  the  low  limit  of  a  lot  of  goods  is  reached;  (b)  for  stowing  goods. 


STORES  AND  STOWING  151 

15.  What  records  must  be  made  before  a  lot  of  received  goods 
is  stored  ? 

1 6.  For  what  articles  is  separate  storage  necessary  in  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  ?  in  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

17.  How  should  the  following  articles  be  treated  for  storage  pur- 
poses:   (a)  small  articles  which  are  removed  from  original  packages; 

(b)  flour;   (c)   vegetables;   (d)   coffee,  sugar,   tea,  and  like  articles; 
(e)  potatoes;   (/)  bacon;   (g)  salt  beef  and  pork;   (h)  leather;   (^gaso- 
line;  (j)  oilskin  clothing  ? 

1 8.  What  articles  are  likely  to  absorb  foreign  odors?   to  become 
infested  with  insects  ?     What  are  the  remedies  ? 

19.  What  is  done  with  quartermaster  stores  that  have  deteri- 
orated?    How  is  accumulation  of  obsolete  stores  guarded  against? 

20.  After  reading  the  Manual  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  Sec- 
tions 2729-68  inclusive,  draw  up  lists  of  all  articles  mentioned  therein 
which  should  be  stored  (a)  in  the  cellar;    (b)  upon  the  first  floor; 

(c)  above  the  first  floor;   (d)  in  separate  warehouses. 

21.  Answer  the  following  questions  on  the  handling  of  explosives: 
(a*)  Why  is  cleanliness  of  storehouses  important?    (b)  What  effect 
has  direct  sun  upon  metal  ammunition  cases?     (c)  What  are  the 
special  instructions  for  opening  cases  of  explosives  and  for  placing 
them  in  storage  ?     (d)  At  what  temperature  do  explosives  become 
likely  to  explode  without  outside  interference  ?     (e)  How  often  should 
stored  explosives  be  examined  ?     How  much  of  this  information  should 
an  army  supply  officer  have  at  his  finger-tips  ?     Where  can  he  find 
instructions  on  suc,h  matters  ? 

22.  Where    is    the    information    to    be    obtained    concerning 
(a)  methods  of  opening  ?  (b)  marking  ?   (c)  handling  ?   (d)  storage  and 
care?    (e)  inspection  of  the  following:    (i)  commercial  detonators; 
(2)  dynamite;   (3)  explosive  D;  (4)  fuses  and  primers;  (5)  guncotton; 
(6)  dry  guncotton;   (7)  trotol;   (8)  smokeless  powder;   (9)  projectiles, 
filled  and  fused;    (10)  projectiles,  filled  but  not  fused;    (n)  fixed 
ammunition  ? 

c)  Issuing. 

1.  Explain  the  method  of  issuing  stores  by  requisition  (a)  in 
business;    (b)  by  a  quartermaster  depot  to  military  posts;    (c)  to 
companies  at  a  mobilization  camp;    (d)  to  officers  of  troops  in  the 
field.     What  are  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  having  the 
foreman  sign  requisitions  ?    the  commanding  officer  ? 

2.  Why  are  the  workmen  not  given  authority  to  select  their  own 
materials?     Why  are  enlisted  men  not  allowed  to  select  (a)  their 
ration  ?   (b)  their  small-arms  ammunition  ? 


152  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

3.  What  kind  of  stores  should  be  issued  only  upon  the  return  of 
the  last  issue,  when  broken,  or  worn  out?     Name  some  kinds  of 
articles  with  which  this  is  done  -in  army  storeskeeping  at  the  present 
time.     Give  the  advantages  of  this  method  in  war  time. 

4.  What  is  issue  of  stores  on  standing  orders  ?     For  what  kinds  of 
materials  is  this  method  used  ?     Has  the  Army  anything  comparable  ? 
If  so,  what  ? 

5.  How  does  the  use  of  " production  order"  or  "bill  of  material" 
or  "materials  budget"  or  "work  order"  influence  stores  issue?     For 
what  kind  of  stores  can  such  a  system  as  this  be  used  ?     How  does 
this  method  depend  upon  the  system  of  management  ?     Is  the  bill 
of  material  a  requisition  ?   the  bill  of  material  used  in  army  work  ? 

6.  How  far  should  employees  have  access  to  stores  ?     How  much 
authority  should  the  storeskeeper  have  concerning  the  issue  of  stores  ? 
Answer  for  (a)  business  practice;    (b)  subsistence  stores^    (c)  army 
clothing;  .  (d)  pistols;    (e)  small-arms  ammunition;    (/)  field  artillery 
ammunition. 

7.  "It  is  necessary  that  someone  be  on  hand  at  the  storehouse 
at  all  times,  including  the  noon  hour."     "  It  is  well  for  the  storeskeeper 
to  have  certain  office  hours  for  issuing  material,  devoting  the  rest  of 
his  time  to  records,  etc."     Which  plan  do  you  think  better?     What 
should  army  practice  be  (a)  in  ordnance  depots?    (b)  at  company 
storehouses  in  semi-permanent  camps  ? 

8.  "Every  article  issued  from  the  storeroom  should  go  out  on  a 
requisition."     "It  is  an  excess  of  red  tape  to  require  a  requisition  for 
half  a  dozen  screws  worth  perhaps  two  cents."     Comment.     Sug- 
gest a  practical  business  scheme  to  have  all  issues  accounted  for  on 
requisitions  or  other  forms,  and  still  avoid  very  small  issues.     How 
is  this  problem  solved  in  army  practice  ? 

9.  Would  the  same  methods  of  issue  accomplish  equally  good 
results  in  the  cases  of  oil  and  waste,  office  supplies,  raw  materials, 
tools  ?  for  subsistence  stores,  waste  for  swabbing  cannon,  clothing, 
ammunition  for  cannon,  small-arms  ammunition  ? 

ip.  Should  the  storeskeeper  have  any  authority  to  see  that  no  more 
stores  are  issued  against  an  order  than  are  required  to  do  the  work  ? 
Do  the  arsenals  maintain  such  a  check  ?  How  does  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  guard  against  overissue  to  posts  ?  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

11.  How  often  are  requisitions  ordinarily  made  for  quartermaster 
and  ordnance  stores  at  semi-permanent  camps?    at  posts?    in  the 
field  ?     State  the  method  of  compiling  requisitions  at  semi-permanent 
camps.     By  whom  are  they  presented  to  the  divisional  storehouses  ? 
What  is  the  method  of  issuing  rations?   clothing?   ordnance  stores? 

12.  Is  it  necessary  for  a  requisition  to  give  the  value  of  the  articles 
asked  for  ?     Should  the  price  be  entered  before  the  goods  are  signed 


STORES  AND  STOWING  153 

for?    If  not,  should  it  be  entered  later?    Answer  for  (a)  business 
practice;   (b}  Quartermaster  Corps;   (c)  Ordnance  Department. 

13.  How    are    "current    prices    for    issues"    calculated?     How 
changed  upon  receipt  of  new  goods  ?     What  is  their  importance  from 
the  accounting  point  of  view  ?    the  storekeeping  point  of  view  ?   the 
administration  point  of  view?     Answer  for   (a)  business;    (b)   the 
Quartermaster  Corps;   (c)  the  Ordnance  Department. 

14.  How  are  quartermaster  supplies  priced  for  sale:    (a)  sub- 
sistence stores  for  sale  to  families  of  enlisted  men  absent  abroad  ? 
(b)  subsistence  stores  to  officers  and  enlisted  men?    (c)  articles  to 
civilian  employees  of  the  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps?    (d)  sub- 
sistence stores  to  other  bureaus  of  the  War  Department?    (e)  sub- 
sistence stores  to  another  executive  department  of  the  government  ? 

15.  What  items  of  rent,  interest,  labor,  and  risk  enter  into  the 
cost  of  stores  ?     What  bearing  do  these  factors  have  on  government 
pricing  for  sale  ? 

1 6.  Mention  as  many  different  methods  of  delivery  from  store- 
room as  you  can.     What  has  each  to  recommend  it  ?     How  far  does 
the  character  of  stores,  how  far  character  of  management,  determine 
which  method  shall  be  used  ?     Which  is  the  determining  feature  in 
army  stores  handling? 

17.  What  devices  has   the  Ordnance  Department  devised  for 
facilitation  of  receiving,  stowing,  and  issue  of  stores?   the  Quarter- 
master Corps  ? 

1 8.  What  mechanical  devices  are  available  for  facilitating  delivery 
of  stores?    How  may  you  avoid  confusion  in  movement  of  trucks 
in  distributing  material  from  the  storeroom  ?     What  application  of 
this  idea  has  been  made  in  the  trenches  ? 

19.  "  Stores  issue  transactions  are  more  numerous  than  stores 
receipts."     Why?     What  does  this  mean  with  reference  to  the  work 
of  the  stores  department?    Will  this  statement  hold  for  military 
activities  ? 

20.  What  is  the  stores  issue  book  ?    Why  is  it  necessary  ?     From 
what  is  it  posted  ?     Are  details  or  summaries  posted  ?     Has  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  or  the  Ordnance  Department  any  form  that 
performs  a  similar  function?     If   so,  answer  the  same  questions 
for  it. 

21.  "The  object  of  recording  each  issue  of  stores  in  detail  is  not 
merely  for  statistical  purposes."    What  other  object  can  you  men- 
tion ?    Answer  for  business  practice;  for  the  Army. 

22.  What  entries  are  made  on  the  bin  tag  when  stores  are  de- 
livered ?     What  other  entries  are  made  in  carrying  out  the  different 
duties  of  the  storeskeeper  ? 


154      ,     QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

23.  Are  stores  issued  on  memorandum  receipts  in  the  Army 
entered  on  the  item  cards  ?  If  not,  how  is  a  record  kept  of  materials 
out  on  memorandum  receipts  ? 

3.  ACCOUNTING  FOR  STORES. 
a)  Balance  of  S lores. 

1.  Define:   stores  account;   control  account;   stores  ledger;   sub- 
sidiary stores  account;  stores  item  account;  balance  of  stores  sheet; 
item  card.     Which  accounts  appear  in  the  financial  accounting  system, 
as  distinguished  from   the  stores  accounts,  which  are  merely  for 
purposes  of  administrative  control?     Which  of   them  are  used  in 
accounting  for  the  stores  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  or  the  Ordnance 
Department?     What  is  the  name  and  number  of  the  form. in  each 
case  ?     What  is  the  relation  of  such  forms  to  the  property  returns  of 
the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

2.  Are  the  stores  item  accounts  anything  more  than  perpetual 
inventory  records?     Answer  also  for  government  accounting. 

3.  "The  stores  item  accounts  or  individual  stock  sheets  are  not 
essential  from  a  purely  accounting  point  of  view."     What  is  their 
value?     What  corresponds  to  them  (a)  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps; 
(b)  in  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

4.  In  a  proper  stores  system  would  you  have  an  item  card  for 
each  item  of  stores  ?     What  is  the  situation  in  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment ?  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps  ? 

5.  What  are  the  advantages  of  cards  for  stores  records  ?  of  loose- 
leaf  ledgers  ?    Which  is  used  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  ?   by  the 
Ordnance  Department?     Does  the  form  used  vary  with  the  nature 
of  the  items  accounted  for?     Cite  examples  on  quartermaster  and 
ordnance  accounting. 

6.  Who  should  keep  the  balance  of  stores  sheets?     Why?     Is 
stores  accounting  done  in  the  stores  department,  the  accounting 
department,  or  both  ?     Where  is  it  done  for  army  stores  in  (a)  Quar- 
termaster Corps  ?   (b)  Ordnance  Department  ? 

7.  What  entries  must  be  made  in  stores  ledgers?     Upon  what 
authority  ? 

8.  What  reports,  forms,  etc.,  furnish  data  for  entries  of  material 
received?    To  what  are  receipts  posted?    Answer  for  (a,)  business; 
(b)  arsenal  storehouse;   (c)  ordnance  depot;   (d)  quartermaster  depot; 
(e)  subsistence  stores.     Answer  the  same  questions  for  issues. 

9.  Outline  the  procedure  for  posting  stores  item  ledger  cards. 
Why  should  an  item  ledger  card  of  a  balance  of  stores  sheet  have  a 
space  for  registering  quantities  on  order  from  supply  firms  and 
quantities  appropriated  to  production  orders  as  well  as  balances/ 


STORES  AND  STOWING  155 

available  ?  Does  the  Ordnance  Department  balance  of  stores  sheet 
have  these  features?  the  Ordnance  Department  item  card?  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  item  card  ? 

10.  How  will  the  ordnance  'storeskeeper  find  the  amount  against 
which  he  may  draw  at  any  particular  time  while  using  the  balance 
of  stores  sheet  (Form  2600)  ?    How  will  he  find  the  number  of  articles 
in  the  bin  ? 

1 1 .  Through  what  accounting  record  will  the  debits  to  the  balance 
of  stores  sheets  or  the  item  cards  reach  the  general  ledgers?     How 
will  the  credits  find  their  way  to  the  general  ledgers  ? 

12.  You  have  the  organization  outlined  below.     What  would  be 
the  routing  and  disposition  of  these  forms:   (a)  purchase  requisition; 
(£)  purchase  order;   (c)  requisition  by  foreman  on  stores  department; 
{d)  stores  credit  slip  for  goods  returned  to  stores  by  foreman  ?     (Use 
a  separate  copy  of  the  form  for  each  person  through  whose  hands  the 
form  passes.) 

General  Manager 


Accounting  Works  Manager  Sales 

Department  Manager 


Purchasing  Stores  and  Receiving"  Superintendent 

Agent  Department  of  Plant 

Foreman 

13.  Construct  a  chart  showing  the  relations  of  the  various  books 
and  forms  named  here :  purchase  requisition ;  purchase  order;  invoice; 
materials  received  sheet;   purchase  journal;   balance  of  stores  sheet; 
stores  account  in  the  general  ledger;   bill  of  material;   stores  requisi- 
tion; cost  sheet;  manufacturing  or  burden  journal. 

14.  Compare  and  contrast  Adjutant  General's  Office  Form  599 
and  a  balance  of  stores  sheet  in  use  at  a  "Taylor"  plant.     Account 
for  the  difference. 

15.  Should  the  principles  underlying  the  methods  employed  in 
accounting  for  stores  in  business  be  different  from  those  in  use  in  the 
Army  ?     Why  or  why  not  ? 

b)  Perpetual  Inventory. 

i.  "  Stock  cards  or  balance  of  stores  sheets  when  properly  handled 
enable  a  perpetual  inventory  to  be  kept."  What  is  a  perpetual 
inventory  ?  What  is  its  relation  to  the  item  cards  or  stores  sheets  ? 


156  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Of  what  value  is  it  (a)  in  business  practice  ?   (b)  in  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  ?    (c)  in  the  Ordnance  Department  ? 

2.  "The  whole  scheme  of  stores  accounts  centers  around  the 
perpetual  inventory."     How? 

3.  "  Continous  inventory  is  a  better  term  than  perpetual."     Why? 
What  are  the  advantages  of  "continuous  inventory  with  frequent 
verifications  of  important  materials"? 

4.  "If  it  be  found  by  daily  checking  of  nearly  exhausted  lots  that 
record  is  being  accurately  kept  and  the  books  agree  with  stock  on 
hand,  it  may  be  permissible  to  dispense  with  future  physical  inven- 
tories entirely."     Does  this  seem  to  you  a  wise  practice  ?     Is  it  per- 
missible in  handling  government  supplies  ? 

5.  Is  a  "record  tag"  or  "bin  ticket"  a  substitute  for  the  perpetual 
inventory  in  the  office,  or  is  it  a  supplementary  duplicate  ? 

6.  How  should  stores  be  valued  for  inventory — at  cost  or  at  the 
market  price  ?     If  at  cost,  what  is  your  definition  of  cost  ?     Answer 
for  business  practice;  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps;  for  the  Ordnance 
Department. 

7.  Think  back  over  the  questions  raised  concerning  the  price  of 
issues.     Are  those  questions  applicable  to  inventory?     Should  the 
same  pricing  be  used  for  issues,  inventories,  and  balance  of  stores  ? 
Give  reason  for  your  answer.     Apply  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and 
the  Ordnance  Department,  using  any  regulations  with  which  you  may 
be  familiar. 

8.  Are  Quartermaster  Corps  Forms  200  and  219  examples  of  "  con- 
tinuous inventory"  forms?     Are  Ordnance  Department  Forms  15, 
17,  and  1 8  examples  of  "continuous  inventory"  forms?     Why  or 
why  not? 

9.  Trace  on  the  charts  found  on  pages  115  and  116  the  routing 
of  the  papers  involved  in  procurement  and  distribution  of  supplies 
at  an  ordnance  depot. 


CHAPTER  VI 

MISCELLANEOUS  MILITARY  INFORMATION 
NECESSARY  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN 

A.  Military  Courtesy  and  Deportment 

B.  Military  Correspondence  and  Orders 

C.  Military  Law 

D.  Civilian  Employees 


A.  Military  Courtesy  and  Deportment. 

" Courtesy  among  military  men  is  indispensable  to  discipline; 
respect  to  superiors  will  not  be  confined  to  obedience  on  duty,  but 
will  be  extended  on  all  occasions"  (A.R.,  §  4). 

READINGS 

A.R.,  §§  377-90,  392-392!,  406,  437.  The  primary  authority  on  the  sub- 
ject; but  other  works  give  helpful  interpretations. 

U.S.  War  Department:  -Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United  States  Army, 
1911,  Corrected  to  February  12,  ip/7;  §§  58,  93-94,  784,  prescribe  the 
ways  in  which  salutes  shall  be  rendered;  §§  766-68  explain  the  meaning 
of  "the  color";  §§  26,  682,  and  758-66  duplicate  some  of  the  para- 
graphs of  A  .R. 

U.S.  War  Department:  Manual  for  Noncommissioned  Officers  and  Privates 
of  Infantry  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  chap.  i.  A  fairly  compre- 
hensive treatment  of  the  subjects  of  courtesy  and  discipline. 

Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:  Manual  of  Military  Training,  2d  rev.  ed.,  pp.  549-61. 
A  1917  publication,  and  probably  the  most  satisfactory  single  reference. 
— :  Officers'  Manual,  pp.  58-66.  Less  comprehensive  than  the  fore- 
going title,  but  arranged  for  ready  reference. 

— :  Noncommissioned  Officers'  Manual,  pp.  99-108.     An  expansion  of 
the  War  Department's  Manual. 

Privates'  Manual,  pp.  96-119.     Similar  to  the  N.C.O.'s  Manual. 


Ellis  and  Garey:   The  Plattsburg  Manual,  pp.  17-19,  31-32,  56-57,  194-95. 

Contains  photographs  illustrating  correct  and  incorrect  methods  of 

saluting. 
Stewart,  Maj.  M.  B.:   Military  Character,  Habit,  Deportment,  Courtesy,  and 

Discipline.    A  compilation  of  relevant  material. 
Waldron,  W.  H. :  Night  Operations,  pp.  22-24.     Questions  and  answers. 


158  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

QUESTIONS 

1 .  When  should  salutes  be  exchanged  between  officers  ? 

2.  If  two  officers  meet,  do  they  salute  simultaneously? 

3.  Under  what  conditions,  if  any,  will  the  officer  senior  in  rank 
salute  first?     At  a  regimental  parade,  when  Maj.  Doe  reports  his 
battalion  to  the  regimental  adjutant,  Capt.  Roe,  who  should  salute 
first?     Why? 

4.  When  should  salutes  be  exchanged  between  officers  and  enlisted 
men  not  in  a  military  formation  ?     What  rule  determines  who  shall 
salute  first  ? 

5.  What  salute  should  you  render  if  you  are  outdoors,  armed  with 
a  rifle  ?  indoors,  armed  with  a  rifle  ?     How  should  the  terms  "indoors" 
and  " outdoors"  be  interpreted? 

6.  How  should  you  salute  if  outdoors,  unarmed?  if  outdoors, 
armed  with  side-arms  ? 

7.  Should  you  salute  an  officer  if  indoors,  unarmed?  if  indoors, 
armed  with  side-arms  ? 

8.  Are  salutes  rendered  by,  or  to,  military  persons  in  civilian 
dress  ? 

9.  Should  a  private  salute  a  sergeant  or  a  corporal  ? 

10.  If  an  officer  enters  a  room  where  there  are  several  enlisted 
men,  what  notice  should  be  taken  of  his  entry  ? 

1 1 .  What  should  an  enlisted  man  do  if  an  officer  approaches  while 
he  is  seated,  outdoors? 

12.  Assume  that  you  (a  private)  are  standing  in  front  of  the  Post 
Exchange  talking  with  some  comrades.     An  officer  approaches  you 
and  you  exchange  salutes,  after  which  you  resume  your  conversation. 
After  a  few  moments  you  look  around  and  observe  that  the  officer  is 
still  there  and  is  looking  toward  you.     Should  you  repeat  the  com- 
pliment ? 

13.  Assume*  that  you  are  walking  down  the  aisle  in  a  theater  and 
meet  an  officer.     Should  you  salute  ?     If  you  are  seated  in  the  theater, 
during  the  performance,  and  happen  to  catch  the  eye  of  an  officer  who 
is  seated  near  you,  what  is  your  duty  ?     Would  your  duty  on  a  train 
or  street  car  differ  from  your  duty  in  a  theater  ? 

14.  Assume  that  you  are  seated  in  a  crowded  street  car  and  that 
an  officer  enters.     What  should  you  do  ? 

15.  If  you  pass  an  officer  in  a  hotel  lobby,  should  you  salute  ? 

1 6.  Assume  that  you  are  in  ranks  and  that  an  officer  addresses 
you.     How  should  you  indicate  that  you  have  heard  him  ? 

17.  Should  an  enlisted  man  who  is  at  work  salute  an  officer? 

1 8.  If  enlisted  men  are  at  mess  and  an  officer  enters,  what  is  their 
duty? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN          159 

19.  Assume  that  you  are  dining  in  a  hotel  or  restaurant  and  that 
an  officer  enters  the  room  or  passes  near  your  table.     In  what  manner, 
if  any,  should  you  take  cognizance  of  his  presence  ? 

20.  "  Salutes  are  not  rendered  when  marching  in  double  time  or 
at  the  trot  or  gallop."    How  should  this  rule  be  interpreted? 

21.  If  you  are  riding  in  a  wagon  and  pass  an  officer,  should  you 
salute  ? 

22.  What  should  you  do  if  you  pass  an  officer  on  a  staircase  ? 

23.  Should  a  soldier  of  the  Ordnance  Department  salute  an  officer 
of  the  Infantry  ?  of  the  Signal  Corps  ?  of  the  Navy  ? 

24.  Assume  that  you  are  walking  down  State  Street  and  meet  an 
officer  of  the  National  Guard,  in  uniform.     The  National  Guard  has 
not,  at  this  time,  been  mustered  into  the  federal  service.     Should  you 
salute  him  ? 

25.  Should  you  salute  an  officer  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  not 
on  active  duty  ? 

26.  Should  you  tip  your  hat  to  a  lady,  or  salute  her  ? 

27.  What  is  the  proper  saluting  distance? 

28.  How  is  the  hand  salute  executed  ?  the  rifle  salute  ?  the  sabre 
salute  ? 

29.  Are  compliments  paid  by  troops  on  the  march  ?  in  the  field  ? 
in  the  trenches  ?  at  drill  ?  on  the  service  of  security  ? 

30.  Should  sentinels  on  post,  doing  interior  guard  duty,  salute  ? 
If  so,  in  what  manner  ?     If  not,  why  not  ? 

31.  If  two  commands  meet,  what  compliments,  if  any,  should  be 
paid  by  their  commanders  ? 

32.  In  what  manner  will  a  commander  of  a  detachment  salute  an 
officer  of  higher  grade  ?  of  equal  or  inferior  grade  ? 

33.  What  does  the  term  "color"  imply,  in  military  parlance? 

34.  What  is  the  distinction  between  the  "cased  color"  and  the 
"uncased  color"? 

35.  When  the  uncased  color  passes  an  armed  body,  what  honor 
is  paid  it  ? 

36.  What  honor  is  paid  the  uncased  color  by  officers  and  enlisted 
men  who  pass  it  (a)  when  in  uniform,  covered  or  uncovered  ?  (b)  when 
in  civilian  dress,  covered  ?  (c)  when  in  civilian  dress,  uncovered  ? 

37.  When  the  national  anthem  is  played  at  any  place  and  a 
soldier  is  present  (not  in  formation),  what  honor  should  he  render 
(a)  if  in  uniform,  covered  or  uncovered?   (b)  if  in  civilian  dress, 
uncovered  ?  (c)  if  in  civilian  dress,  covered  ? 

38.  What  honor  is  rendered  at  a  ceremony  by  a  command  under 
arms  when  the  national  anthem  is  played ?  when  not  under  arms? 


160  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

39.  Suppose  that  you  (a  soldier)  are  present  upon  an  official 
occasion  when  "The  Marseillaise"  or  "  God  Save  the  King"  is  played. 
Should  you  pay  any  honor  ? 

40.  What  rules  apply  when  "  To  the  Color  "  or  "  To  the  Standard  " 
is  sounded  ? 

41.  Describe    the   ceremonies   of   reveille   and   retreat,   stating 
explicitly  what  respect  is  observed  by  officers. and  enlisted  men  out 
of  ranks. 

42.  What  civilities  are  paid  by  (a)  an  officer  arriving  at  the  head- 
quarters of  a  military  command,  post,  or  station  ?  (b)  by  an  officer 
arriving  for  duty  ?  (c)  by  a  subordinate  officer  reporting  for  duty  ? 

43.  Where  are  official  calls  made?  social  calls? 

44.  If  you  accompany  an  officer  who  is  your  senior,  on  which  side 
of  the  officer  should  you  walk  or  ride  ? 

45.  "A  private  should  always  address  an  officer  in  the  third  per- 
son."    Frame  a  sentence  or  two  illustrating  the  use  of  the  third 
person.     Should  a  private  use  the  third  person  in  referring  to  him- 
self, when  in  conversation  with  an  officer? 

46.  If  you  address  X.  Y.  Jones,  a  sergeant  of  Ordnance,  is  it 
proper  for  you  to  call  him  "  Jones"  or  " Sarge "  ?    If  not,  how  should 
you  address^iim  ? 

47.  Assume  that  you  have  been  detailed  for  duty  as  orderly. 
What  should  you  say  when  you  report  for  duty  ? 

48.  When  an  officer,  or  noncommissioned  officer,  gives  you  (a 
private)  instructions,  what  should  you  say  to  denote  that  you  have 
heard  and  understood  the  instructions  ? 

49.  If  an  officer  asks  you  (a  private)  your  name,  what  should  you 
say  in  reply  ? 

50.  Assume  that  your  captain  has  given  you  a  message  to  deliver 
to  Sgt.  Jones.     What  should  you  do  after  having  delivered   the 
message  ? 

51.  If  you  are  out  of  ranks  and  your  name  is  called  by  an  officer 
who  is  at  some  distance  from  you,  how  should  you  respond  to  the 
call? 

52.  Assume  that  you  are  sent  to  the  office  of  Col.  Doe  to  deliver 
a  message.     How  should  you  enter  the  office?     How  deliver  the 
message  ?     How  leave  ? 

53.  What  form  of  expression  should  you  use  in  presenting  a 
message  from  Capt.  Roe  to  Lt.  Brown  ?  from  Capt.  Roe  to  Maj.  Smith  ? 

54.  If  you  wish  to  make  a  complaint  about  your  clothing,  how 
should  you  proceed  ? 

55.  If  you  think  that  a  noncommissioned  officer  has  exceeded  his 
authority  in  giving  you  a  certain  order,  should  you  obey  the  order, 
or  are  you  privileged  to  make  immediate  complaint  ? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN          161 

56.  What  care  and  attention  should  a  soldier  give  to  his  dress  ? 

57.  Is  it  ever  permissible  for  a  soldier  to  stand  or  walk  with  his 
hands  in  his  pockets  ? 

58.  Is  it  proper,  when  in  uniform,  to  wear  watch  charms,  chains, 
etc.? 

59.  May  any  part  of  the  uniform  be  worn  with  civilian  dress  ? 

B.  Military  Correspondence  and  Orders. 

1.  Correspondence. 

2.  Orders. 

The  two  principal  types  of  military  communications  are  corre- 
spondence and  orders.  Owing  to  the  special  needs  of  army  work,  a 
great  degree  of  standardization  has  taken  place  with  respect  both  to 
form  and  to  channels  of  transmission,  with  the  intent  of  (a)  saving 
the  time  of  all  concerned  with  a  letter  or  order,  (b)  minimizing  the 
chance  of  a  misinterpretation  of  the  meaning,  (c)  insuring  arrival  at 
the  destination,  and  (d)  fixing  responsibility. 


i.  CORRESPONDENCE. 


READINGS 


A.R.,  §§  775~90>  834-39,  1184-93.     General  regulations. 

U.S.  War  Department:  General  Orders  No.  2 3,  1912,  entire.     Contains  the 

authorized  "Correspondence  Model"  and  explains  the  system  of  army 

correspondence. 

— :    Compilation  of  General  Orders,   etc.,   1881-1915,   §§  174-85.     A 

reprint  of  G.O.  No.  23. 

General  Orders  No.  40,  1916,  §  38.    A  list  of  authorized  abbrevia- 


tions of  military  terms. 
F.S.R.,  Appendix  9.     A  list  of  abbreviations. 
Q.M.C.M.,   §§  288-353,   Appendix   27.    A   restatement  of  much  of  the 

material  listed  above. 
Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:   Army  Paperwork,  §§  6-80.     The  most  complete  single 

reference  on  the  subject  including  numerous  model  forms  and  valuable 

hints  as  to  filing.     No  list  of  abbreviations  is  given. 
Waldron,  Maj.  W.  H.:  Company  Administration,  pp.  96-99.     Deals  briefly 

with  company  correspondence. 

QUESTIONS 

i.  " Communications,  whether  from  a  subordinate  to  a  superior, 
or  vice  versa,  will  pass  through  intermediate  commanders."  How 
should  this  rule  be  interpreted  ?  Are  there  any  important  exceptions  ? 


1 62  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

2.  How  should  an  army  officer  address  a  communication  intended 
for  the  Secretary  of  War  ?  a  communication  intended  for  a  bureau  of 
the  War  Department  ?     Why  ? 

3.  Need    all    communications    be    forwarded    to    the    Adjutant 
General  of  the  Army  simply  because  addressed  to  him  ? 

4.  Why  may  official  communications  sent  to  the  office  of  the 
Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  be  addressed  through  him  to  some 
other  destination  ? 

5.  In  the  case  of  communications  sent  to  the  office  of  the  Adjutant 
General  of  the  Army,  how  may  one  express  his  desire  to  have  the 
paper  disposed  of  in  a  specific  way  ? 

6.  "It  is  directed  that  all  official  communications  relating  to 
money  or  property  accountability  between  officers  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps,  and  all  receipts,  invoices,  etc.,  sent  by  them,  be 
addressed  to  the  proper  office  rather  than  to  the  officer  by  name." 
Why  should  not  the  communication  be  addressed  to  the  officer  by 
name? 

7.  Should  an  official  communication  intended  for  the  commanding 
officer  of  an  organization  be  addressed  to  the  commanding  officer 
himself  or  to  the  adjutant  on  his  staff  ? 

8.  Assume  that  you  have  to  address  an  official  communication 
to  John  Doe,  formerly  a  major  of  volunteers,  but  now  a  captain  in 
the  regular  Army.     By  what  title  should  you  address  him  ? 

9.  Is  an  envelope  addressed  "Recruiting  Officer,  U.S.A.,  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.,"  correctly  addressed? 

10.  Which  is  the  correct  address — "Department  Quartermaster, 
Eastern  Department,"  or  "Col.  John  A.  Smith,  Department  Quarter- 
master, Eastern  Department"  ? 

11.  What  is  the  permanent  address  of  all  officers  of  the  army? 

12.  When  an  officer  receives  a  communication  to  which  it  is 
impossible  to  make  full  and  prompt  reply,  what  should  he  do  ? 

13.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  "confidential"  when  placed 
on  communications  from  the  War  Department?    What  precaution 
should  be  taken  to  reduce  the  possibility  of  confidential  communica- 
tions falling  into  the  hands  of  persons  other  than  those  for  whom  they 
are  intended  ? 

14.  "An  official  letter  should  refer  to  one  subject  only."    Why? 

15.  What  is  included  in  the  heading  of  a  military  letter?    Write 
the  proper  heading  for  a  letter  from  the  commanding  officer  of  Battery 
B,  i4Qth  Field  Artillery,  assuming  that  .the  letter  was  written  on 
August  20,  1917,  while  the  regiment  was  stationed  at  Fort  Sheridan, 
Illinois. 

1 6.  Explain  the  number  appearing  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  an  army  letter. 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  163 

17.  What  is  meant  by  briefing  a  letter  ?     How  much  of  the  letter 
page  is  devoted  to  the  brief  ?     Must  all  official  letters  be  briefed  ? 

1 8.  What  is  the  difference  between  "your  attention  is  called  to" 
and  "your  attention  is  invited  to,"  as  these  phrases  are  used  in  mili- 
tary correspondence  ? 

19.  Is  it  required  that  an  officer  signing  a  communication  should 
state  his  rank,  and  regiment,  corps,  or  department,  after  his  name,  or 
should  his  title  appear  elsewhere  ? 

20.  When  must  an  officer  himself  sign  a  communication  ?    When 
may  a  staff  officer  sign  for  him?    Which  staff  officer,  ordinarily, 
would  perform  this  duty  ? 

21.  What  are  the  rules  applicable  to  the  following  matters:  num- 
bering of  paragraphs,  the  use  of  rubber  stamps,  the  use  of  colored  inks, 
the  use  of  ceremonial  forms,  office  marks,  folding,  inclosures,  number- 
ing pages  ?    In  each  case  tell  the  purpose  back  of  the  regulations. 

22.  "Officers  who  forward  communications  will  indorse  thereon 
their  approval  or  disapproval,  with  remarks."    What  information  will 
always  be  included  in  an  indorsement  ?    Where  should  indorsements 
be  placed?     Must  the  full  name  of  the  writer  be  attached  to  each 
indorsement?    If  there  is  insufficient  room  for  indorsements  on  the 
sheet  of  a  letter,  where  must  they  be  placed  ? 

23.  "All  letters  and  indorsements  that  are  typewritten,  excepting 
letters  of  transmittal,  reports  of  taking  leave  of  absence,  periodical 
reports  and  other  communications  of  a  similar  nature  will  be  made 
with  two  carbon  copies."     What  disposition  is  made  of  the  copies? 

24.  Contrast  the  merits  of  the  "card  record  system"  of  filing 
letters  and  documents  and  the  "War  Department  Correspondence 
File." 

25.  What    are    penalty    envelopes?     What    indorsement    and 
statement  do  they  carry  ?     Must  these  be  printed  ?    To  whom  may 
penalty  envelopes  be  furnished,  and  what  are  the  restrictions  upon 
their  use  ? 

26.  If  several  communications  for  the  same  person  or  office  are  to 
leave  about  the  same  time,  would  you  give  each  a  separate  envelope  ? 

27.  When  is  an  officer  allowed  to  use  telegraph  or  cable  instead 
of  mail  for  official  communications  ?     Must  all  telegraphic  messages 
be  coded  or  enciphered?     What  omissions  and  condensations  are 
allowed  in  telegrams  ?     What  is  the  word-limit  for  ordinary  messages  ? 

28.  May  an  officer  use  a  commercial  blank  in  sending  official 
telegrams  ?    If  so,  how  should  it  be  marked  ? 

29.  When  a  telegram  on  official  business  is  sent  "collect"  by  a 
private  individual,  will  the  charges  be  paid  by  the  government? 
How  are  such  payments  made  ? 


1 64  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

30.  When  it  is  questionable  whether  a  telegram  is  on  official  busi- 
ness, or  whether  the  telegraph  should  have  been  used,  what  should  the 
officer  sending  the  message  do  ?     If  this  explanation  is  not  satisfactory, 
what  is  the  consequence  ? 

31.  Rewrite  the  following  letter  and  indorsement,  making  neces- 
sary alterations,  deletions,  and  corrections. 

HDQ.  DEPT.  OF  THE  EAST 
April,  1917 

To:  Capt.  Henry  Jones,  Q.M.C.,  Q.M.,  Fort  Hamilton,  New  York. 

FROM:         Commanding  General,  Department  of  the  East. 

SUBJECT:    Inspection  of  forage,  rations,  and  animals  intended  for  troops 

of  National  Guard  of  New  York. 

I  have  the  honor  to  request  that  you  submit  to  this  office,  not  later  than 
May  3,  1917,  a' report  on  the  forage  and  fuel  delivered  at  your  post  during 
the  month  of  April,  1917.  Report  to  show  method  of  procurement;  dates 
of  delivery;  quality;  quantity  remaining  on  hand  at  date  of  report. 

Probable  needs  of  garrison  for  remainder  of  fiscal  year  will  also  be 
shown. 

You  are  also  advised  that  report  of  animals  and  means  of  transporta- 
tion for  month  of  March  has  not  been  forwarded  this  office  as  required  by 
regulations. 

Very  respectfully, 

HENRY  JAMES 

Adjutant  General 

IST  INDORSEMENT 

Captain  Henry  Jones,  Quartermaster,  Ft.  Hamilton,  N..Y.    To  Command- 
ing General,  Department  of  the  East,  21  April,  1917. 
i.  Returned. 

Required  report  is  inclosed  herewith. 

Report  of  animals  and  means  of  transportation  was  forwarded  your 
office  April  3d. 

Very  respectfully, 

HENRY  JONES 
Captain,  Q.M.  Corps,  Quartermaster 

32.  Assume  that  you  as  purchasing  quartermaster  have  been 
purchasing  considerable  supplies  from  the  T.  A.  Mfg.  Co.  of  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania,  and  that  on  May  i,  1917,  you  received  a  letter 
from  them,  containing  a  complaint  to  the  effect  that  vouchers,  covering 
these  supplies,  have  in  no  case  been  accompanied  with  a  return 
penalty  envelope,  properly  addressed.    Prepare  your  answer  to  the 
T.  A.  Mfg.  Co.  in  the  form  of  a  letter. 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  165 

33.  State  wherein  you  believe  the  following  letter  to  be  faulty. 

WASHINGTON 1916 

FROM:         The  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army. 

To:  The  Depot  Quartermaster,  Jefferson ville,  Indiana. 

SUBJECT:    Supply  of  Concentration  Camp. 

i.  You  are  hereby  informed  that  a  concentration  camp  for  troops  of 
the  National  Guard,  which  it  is  proposed  to  call  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  is  to  be  established  at  North  Vernon,  Indiana.  It  is  desired 
that  you  take  steps  looking  to  the  prompt  filling  of  requisitions  for  subsis- 
tence and  supplies  for  this  camp. 

By  direction: 

X.  Y. 

34.  Rewrite  the  following  telegram  on  the  form  below  it,  making 
necessary  deletions  and  alterations,  also  proper  notation  assuming 
that  you  desired  delivery  of  the  telegram  within  24  hours. 

FORT  HENRY,  MD. 
April  30,  1917 

Western  Union Rush Collect John  Roe 

Capt.  Q.M.O.R.C.  Commanding  General,  Department  of  the  East,  New  York 
City. 

I  have  the  honor  to  request  that  a  captain  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps, 
U.S.  Army,  be  sent  to  this  post  at  the  earliest  possible  date  for  duty  as 
assistant  to  Major  Doe,  Q.M.C.  An  officer  having  previous  experience  in 
construction  work  is  preferred  for  this  duty. 

Very  respectfully, 

JAMES  K.  ROE 
Colonel,  27  Cavalry,  Commanding 

WAR  DEPARTMENT — OFFICIAL  TELEGRAM 

No .      (Sent  from) 

(Date) 191 

QUARTERMASTER   CORPS   UNITED   STATES   ARMY 

The Telegraph  Company 

Will  please  transmit  the  following  message  by  telegraph  and  promptly 
deliver  the  same  to  the  party  addressed. 

J.  B.  ALESHIRE 
Quartermaster  General,  U.S.A. 

I  certify  that  the  following  telegram  is  on  OFFICIAL  BUSINESS,  and  necessary 
for  the  public  service. 


1 66  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

2.  ORDERS. 

a)  General  Rules. 

b)  Letters  of  Instruction. 

c)  Routine  Orders. 

d)  Field  Orders. 

"  Clear  and  decisive  orders  are  the  logical  result  of  definite  and  sure 
decisions  and  are  the  means  of  transforming  the  decision  into  action." 

READINGS' 

A.R.,  §§  775-90.     Rules  of  general  application  and  classification  of  orders. 
F.S.R.,  §§  84-94,  orders;  Appendix  3,  forms  of  complete  field  orders.     The 

best  reference  for  field  orders. 
Moss,  Maj.  J.  A.:  Army  Paperwork,  §§  81-88,  126-50,  162-68,  177,  219. 

The  best  discussion  of  routine  orders,  illustrated  by  numerous  model 

forms. 
U.S.  War  Department:  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United  States  Army,  1911, 

Corrected  to  February  12, 1917,  §§  36,  290-94,  379-83,  635,  638,  699-703. 

Rules  governing  combat,  march,  and  halt  orders. 
Bishop,  Lt.  Col.  H.  G.:  Operation  Orders,  Field  Artillery,  pp.  7-21.     A  brief 

consideration  of  field  orders. 

Bond  and  McDonough:    Technique  of  Modern  Tactics,  pp.  37-44.     A  suc- 
cinct statement  of  the  principles  underlying  field  orders. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  "A  military  order  is  the  expression  of  the  will  of  a  chief  con- 
veyed to  subordinates."    Is  the  method  of  expression  prescribed  ? 

2.  Into  what  three  general  classes  may  military  orders  be  divided  ? 
What,  in  brief,  is  the  purpose  of  each  class  ? 

3.  "An  order  will  state  the  source  from  which  it  emanates,  its 
number,  date,  place  of  issue,  and  the  authority  under  which  issued." 
Why  is  each  of  these  details  necessary  ? 

4.  An  order  "may  be  put  in  the  form  of  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
person  concerned  through  the  proper  channel."    If  in  the  form  of  a 
letter,  would  it  contain  a  brief  ?     Would  it  be  indorsed  ?     What  is 
meant  by  "the  proper  channel"? 

5.  "Orders  and  instructions  will  be  transmitted  through  inter- 
mediate commanders,  in  order  of  rank ''     Is  this  always 

the  case  ? 

6.  To  whom  will  orders  for  a  body  of  troops  be  addressed  ?     Will 
the  address  name  the  office  or  the  individual?     In  what  manner, 
ordinarily,  will  orders  which  affect  a  command  be  communicated  to 
the  troops  ? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  167 

7.  "Oral  orders  are  sent  by  messengers  in  cases  of  necessity  only, 
and  when  so  sent  rarely  contain  more  than  one  definite  mandate." 
Why? 

8.  "Important  oral  orders  are  recorded  as  soon  as  practicable 
after  issue."    Why  is  this  considered  necessary? 

9.  When  should  an  order  be  signed  "By  command  of"?    When 
"By  order  of"? 

10.  What  are  letters  of  instruction  ?     By  whom  are  they  issued  ? 

11.  What  officials  issue  general  orders? 

12.  Contrast  the  classes  of  instructions  contained  in  general 
orders  and  special  orders. 

13.  ."When  issuing  field  orders,  a  commander  should  indicate 
clearly  what  is  to  be  done  by  each  subordinate,  but  not  how  it  is  to 
be  done."     Why,  or  why  not  ? 

14.  "Orders  issued  by  subordinates  should  not  be  mere  repeti- 
tions of  those  from  higher  authority  with  additions  of  their  own." 
Why,  or  why  not  ? 

15.  Which  field  orders  are  usually  written  and  which  oral? 

1 6.  What  precautions  should  be  taken  against  error  in  the  use 
of  geographical  names  in  field  orders? 

17.  How  would  you  designate  the  road  running  from  Mount 
Forest  to  Sag  Bridge  through  Willow  Springs  ? 

1 8.  Criticize  the  following  forms  of  expression: 

a)  "You  will  establish   the  camp  to  the  right  of  the  school- 
house." 

b)  "You  will  deploy  your  command  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
stream." 

c)  "The  small-arms  ammunition  will  not  be  forwarded  with  the 
howitzer  ammunition." 

d)  "You  will  attempt  to  dislodge  the  enemy  from  Hill  201." 

e)  "  You  will  occupy  Hill  275.     It  is  preferable  for  you  to  take  up 
your  position  at  this  point  rather  than  on  Hill  280,  because 
the  latter  would  be  more  difficult  to  defend." 

19.  "  The  term  '  right  flank '  refers  to  the  right  of  a  command  when 
facing  the  enemy."    Assume  that  the  army  corps  of  General  Doe 
is  the  right  flank  of  the  Army  when  facing  the  enemy.     How  would 
you  refer  to  this  corps  when  it  is  retreating  ? 

20.  "To  enable  the  will  of  the  commander  to  be  quickly  under- 
stood, to  secure  prompt  co-operation  among  his  subordinates,  and 
for  ready  reference,  field  orders  are  required  to  follow  a  general  form." 
What  are  the  parts  of  a  formal  field  order,  and  what  particular 
class  of  information  is  contained  in  each  ? 


1  68  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

21.  Rearrange  the  following  field  order,  rendering  it  in  proper 
form.  If  abbreviations  are  desirable,  supply  them.  (Consult 
F.S.R.,  §§90-94;  and  Appendixes  3  and  9;  also  Q.M.C.M.,  II, 
PP-  537-40.) 

CHICAGO  RIDGE,  ILL. 
FIRST  BRIGADE,  FIRST  DIVISION 
Field  Order  No.  20.  2:30  P.M.  Sept.  8th,  1917 

The  First  and  Second  Battalions  First  Infantry  are  designated  as  out- 
posts and  will  occupy  the  general  line  of  hills  about  one  mile  southwest  of 
camp.  Troops  A  and  B  Second  Cavalry  will  continue  their  observation 
to  the  southwest  until  5:00  P.M.,  at  which  time  they  will  retire  to  the  camp 
of  the  main  body  for  the  night.  The  enemy  is  apparently  continuing  his 
retirement  toward  New  Lenox.  His  nearest  troops  (cavalry)  have  been 
definitely  located  about  one-half  mile  south  of  McClaughry.  The  field 
trains  on  their  arrival  at  camp  will  be  directed  to  join  the  troops.  Head- 
quarters to  camp  at  the  Palos  Park  Station.  The  First  Infantry  less  First 
and  Second  Battalions  will  camp  just  east  of  Palos  Park  Station.  The 
Second  Infantry  will  camp  on  the  hills  directly  south  of  the  Station.  The 
Third  Infantry  and  Battery  A  First  Field  Artillery  will  camp  at  the  cross- 
roads about  three-fourths  miles  southwest  of  the  Station  and  three-fourths 
miles  south  of  the  schoolhouse. 


Commanding 

22.  State  to  which  class  (or  sub-class)  of  orders  each  of  the 
following  belongs,  giving  your  reasons. 

a)  An  order  directing  that  the  combat  trains  be  refilled,  after  an 
engagement. 

b)  An  order  directing  Ordnance  Sergeant  John  Doe  to  report  for 
duty  to  Captain  Roe  at  the  Havre  Ammunition  Depot. 

c)  An  order  directing  the  commander  of  trains  to  halt  his  trains 
for  the  night  at  a  designated  point  on  the  X-Y-Z  road. 

d)  An  order  issued  by  Colonel  Jones  warning  the  men  of  his  regi- 
ment against  drinking  from  the  wells  in  the  vicinity  of  X, 
since    they   are    reported    to    have    been   poisoned    by    the 
enemy. 

e)  An  order  establishing  the  ammunition  rendezvous  point  at  Y. 
/)  An  order  directing  the  commander  of  trains  to  release  the 

ammunition  train. 

g)  An  order  authorizing  the  use  of  reserve  rations. 
h)  An  order  directing  that  the  First  Brigade  halt  two  hours  at 

Palos  Park. 

23.  Draft  the  orders  indicated  in  22  (b),  (d),  (g),  and  (//). 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  169 

C.  Military  Law. 

1.  General  Considerations. 

2.  Organization  of  Courts-Martial. 

3.  Jurisdiction  of  Courts -Martial — General,  Special,  and  Summary. 

4.  Procedure  in  Courts-Martial. 

5.  Ojfenses  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  Military  Tribunals. 


i.  GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

a}  Kinds  of  Military  Jurisdiction. 

b)  Military  Tribunals. 

c)  Persons  Subject  to  Military  Law. 

In  the  nature  of  things,  civil  law,  as  contrasted  with  military  law, 
is  not  adapted  to  meet  the  emergencies  of  military  service.  It  is 
perfectly  natural,  therefore,  that  there  should  have  grown  up  a  body 
of  special  rules  for  special  people  to  be  enforced  in  special  courts  in  a 
more  or  less  summary  fashion. 

Military  law,  strictly  speaking,  must  be  compared  with,  and  dis- 
tinguished from,  military  government  and  martial  law.  Military 
government  may  be  set  up  over  domestic  as  well  as  foreign  territory. 
It  may  be  set  up  in  time  of  peace  as  well  as  in  time  of  war.  It  takes 
the  place  of  a  suspended  or  destroyed  sovereignty  and  continues  until 
a  permanent  sovereignty  is  again  established  in  the  territory.  It  does 
not  follow,  however,  that  the  establishment  of  military  government 
means  the  abrogation  of  civil  law.  The  military  government  simply 
stands  behind  the  civil  tribunal  and  gives  sanction  to  its  decrees  and 
judgments  in  place  of  the  suspended  or  destroyed  sovereignty. 

Martial  law  takes  the  place  of  governmental  agencies  which,  for 
the  time  being,  are  unable  to  cope  with  existing  conditions  in  a  locality 
which  remains  subject  to  its  sovereignty.  The  occasion  of  martial 
rule  is  public  exigency,  which  may  arise  in  time  of  peace  or  of  war. 
Martial  rule  ceases  when  the  district  is  sufficiently  tranquil  to 
permit  the  ordinary  agencies  of  government  to  cope  with  existing 
conditions. 

Military  law  consists  of  rules  for  the  government  of  the  army  and' 
those  connected  therewith.  They  are  special  rules  for  special  people 
enforced  in  special  courts.  These  rules,  as  do  our  common-law 
rules,  find  their  beginning  in  English  history  and  are  based  on  the 
Mutiny  Act  passed  by  Parliament  in  1689.  These  rules  are  found  in 
the  unwritten  customs  of  war,  army  regulations,  general  and  special 
orders  of  the  War  Department,  and  the  Articles  of  War, 


QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

READINGS 

U.S.  War  Department:  A  Manual  for  Courts-Martial,  especially  chap.  i. 
The  official  publication  of  the  United  States  government  on  the 
subject. 

Davis,  Maj.  Gen.  G.  B.:  The  Treatise  on  Military  Law  of  the  United  States. 
The  best  treatise  on  American  military  law. 

Ball,  Lt.  H.  G.:  Digest  of  Davis'  Military  Law  of  the  United  States  and  the 
Manual  for  Courts-Mar  Hal.  'A  compendium,  revised  to  August,  1916, 
containing  questions  and  answers. 

Waldron,  Capt.  W.  H.:  reprints  from  "Night  Operations."  A  question- 
naire, with  answers. 

Wilson,  G.  G. :  Handbook  of  International  Law,  chaps,  xviii  and  xiv.  Deals 
with  the  principles  of  international  military  law. 

Willoughby,  W.  W.:  Constitutional  Law,  chaps,  li  and  Hi.  The  constitu- 
tional basis  of  military  law. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Define  military  law  and  distinguish  it  from  (a)  military  govern- 
ment and  (b)  martial  rule. 

2.  By  whom  and  under  what  circumstances  may  martial  law  be 
declared  ? 

3.  Under  what  circumstances  may  military  government  be  set 
up  ?    Are  there  any  limitations  upon  military  government  on  foreign 
soil? 

4.  How  may  an  invading  force  deal  with  the  various  kinds  of 
property  found  in  occupied  territory  ? 

5.  What  are  contributions  and  under  what  circumstances  may 
they  be  levied  ? 

6.  What  are  requisitions  and  under  what  circumstances  may  they 
be  made  ? 

7.  What  is  meant  by  foraging  and  under  what  circumstances,  if 
any,  is  it  justifiable  ? 

8.  May  plunder  and  pillage  be  lawfully  engaged  in  ? 

9.  What  is  captured  property  termed  and  to  whom  does  it  belong  ? 

10.  Classify  the  various  military  tribunals. 

n.  What  is  meant  by  the  statement  that  a  court  of  inquiry  is  an 
inquisitorial  body  ? 

12.  A   newspaper   correspondent   accompanies   the   army   to   a 
foreign  country.     Is  he  subject  to  military  law  ? 

13.  Suppose  a  civilian  resists  the  execution  of  the  draft  law;  may 
he  be  tried  by  a  court-martial  ? 

14.  A  civilian  army  contractor  defrauds  the  government;   is  he- 
subject  to  the  military  law  ? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  171 

2.  ORGANIZATION  or  COURTS-MARTIAL. 

The  law  governing  the  organization  of  courts-martial  is  found  in 
statutory  enactments  of  Congress,  particularly  in  the  Articles  of  War, 
in  the  regulations  prescribed  by  executive  authority,  and  in  military 
usage  and  procedure.  The  courts-martial  are  law  tribunals  existing 
by  virtue  of  the  powers  granted  to  Congress  by  the  Constitution  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States. 

READINGS 

A  Manual  for  Courts-Martial. 

QUESTIONS 

1 .  Who  may  serve  upon  various  courts-martial  ? 

2.  Who  may  appoint  members  of  various  courts-martial? 

3.  Of  how  many  members  does  each  kind  of  court-martial  consist  ? 

4.  A  captain  has  been  tried  by  a  general  court-martial  of  which  a 
first  lieutenant  was  a  member.     Comment  upon  the  proceedings. 

5.  Who  is  to  determine  when  the  convening  of  thirteen  members 
for  a  general  court-martial  will  cause  manifest  injury  to  the  service  ? 

.6.  Five  members  of  a  general  court-martial  have  once  convened. 
One  member  is  shown  to  be  incompetent.  Is  the  court  dissolved? 
What  is  the  proper  procedure  in  such  a  case  ? 

7.  In  the  above  case  6,  the  trial  has  begun  and  evidence  has 
been  taken.     One  member  is  then  shown  to  be  incompetent  and 
another  is  substituted.     The  trial  proceeds  against  the  objection  of 
the  accused.     Are  the  proceedings  valid  ? 

8.  What  is  the  test  as  to  whether  a  given  officer  is  the  accuser  or 
prosecutor  ? 

9.  Which  of  the  various  courts-martial  are  entitled  to  the  presence 
of  a  judge  advocate  ? 

3.  JURISDICTION    OF    COURTS-MARTIAL—GENERAL,    SPECIAL,    AND 
SUMMARY.* 

By  jurisdiction  is  meant  the  power  of  a  given  tribunal  to  hear  cases 
legally  referred  to  it  and  to  dispose  of  them  in  the  manner  provided  for 
by  law.  Courts-martial  are  courts  of  special  and  limited  jurisdiction. 
Consequently  their  organization,  exercise  of  powers,  and  mode  of  pro- 
cedure must  conform  to  all  statutory  provisions  relating  to  their 
jurisdiction. 

While  courts-martial  have  no  part  of  the  jurisdiction  set  apart 
under  the  judiciary  article  of  the  Constitution,  they  do  have  a  con- 
stitutional basis.  They  are  lawful  tribunals  existing  by  the  same 


172  QUARTERMASTER  AXD  ORDN  - 1 TPLY 

authority  as  the  civil  courts  of  the  United  States.  They  have  the 
same  plenary  jurisdiction  in  offenses  by  the  mill  tan-  law  as  the  latter 
courts  have  in  controversies  within  their  cognizance, and  in  their  special 
and  more  limited  sphere  are  entitled  to  as  untrammeled  an  exercise 
of  their  pow. 

When  the  court-martial  has  jurisdiction  of  the  person  accused  and 
of  the  offense  charged,  and  acts  within  the  scope  of  its  lawful  powers, 
its  decisions  and  sentences  cannot  be  reviewed  or  set  aside  by  the 
civil  courts.  The  only  authority  of  the  civil  courts  is  to  inquire 
whether  the  military  authorities  are  proceeding  within  their  jurisdic- 
tion. If  they  are,  "they  cannot  be  interfered  with,  no  matter  what 
errors  may  be  committed  in  the  exercise  of  their  lawful  jurisdiction. 

Of  course  the  question  of  jurisdiction  may  always  be  brought  up 
in  the  civil  courts  for  determination.  This  is  usually  done  by  a  writ 
of  prohibition  or  by  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

READINGS 
A  Mamualfor  Courts-Martial,  chap.  iv. 

QUEST: 

1.  Do  courts-martial  have  any  power  to  assess  damages  for  per- 
sonal injuries  or  give  judgment  for  the  collection  of  private  debts  ? 

2.  Are  courts-martial  subject  to  the  operation  of  the  Fifth  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  which  requires  an  indictment  by  a  grand 
jury? 

3.  Suppose   that  a   court-martial  erroneously  admits  evidence 
against  the  accused;  may  the  accused  have  the  proceedings  reviewed 
by  a  civil  court  ? 

4.  Suppose  that  the  accused  alleges  that  the  finding  of  the  court 
was  contrary  to  the  weight  of  the  evidence;  may  a  civil  court  review 
the  proceedings  ? 

5.  Under  what  circumstances  may  an  accused  have  the  proceed- 
ings reviewed  by  a  civil  court  ? 

6.  A  person  subject  to  military  law  has  done  an  act  which  is  an 
offense  against  the  laws  of  the  state  of  Illinois  as  well  as  against  the 
military  law.    By  what  court  may  he  be  tried  ? 

7.  Suppose  in  the  foregoing  question  that  he  has  been  acquitted 
by  a  military  court.    May  he  be  tried  again  by  a  court  of  the  state 
of  Illinois  for  the  same  offense  ? 

8.  In  6  suppose  that  the  accused  has  been  acquitted  by  a  military 
court.    May  he  be  tried  by  a  federal  civil  court  for  the  same  offense  ? 

9-  Does  separation  from  the  service  of  the  United  States  deprive 
a  military  court  of  all  jurisdiction  over  the  person  so  separated  ? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  173 

10.  May  a  spy  be  tried  by  a  court-martial  ?     Where  does  a  court- 
martial  get  its  jurisdiction  over  him  ? 

1 1 .  Under  what  circumstances  may  the  death  penalty  be  imposed  ? 

12.  X  is  ordered  to  be  confined  for  twelve  months  by  a  special 
court-martial.     Is  the  sentence  lawful  ? 

13.  Under  what  circumstances,  if  any,  may  a  noncommissioned 
officer  be  tried  before  a  summary  court-martial  ? 

4.  PROCEDURE  IN  COURTS-MARTIAL. 

a)  Procedure  Prior  to  Trial. 

b)  Procedure  during  Trial. 

c)  Limitations  on  the  Power  of  Punishment. 

d)  Action  by  the  Constituting  Authority. 

Just  as  in  courts  of  common  law,  so  in  military  courts  certain  pre- 
liminary steps  are  necessary  before  the  accused  can  be  brought  to 
trial.  Ordinarily  he  will  be  arrested  or  confined  by  someone  in 
authority  having  knowledge  of  his  offense.  Charges  will  be  formally 
preferred  against  him,  and  within  a  stated  period  of  time  he  will 
be  brought  before  the  appropriate  tribunal  for  trial.  'The  judge 
advocate,  who  is  in  the  nature  of  a  prosecuting  attorney,  will  inform 
the  accused  of  his  rights  before  the  court. 

Having  been  arraigned,  he  will  plead  to  the  charges  according 
as  he  has  been  advised.  The  pleadings  are  for  the  purpose  of  redu- 
cing the  charges  to  issues  of  fact.  The  issues  of  fact  having  been 
reached,  evidence  will  be  received  as  far  as  possible  according  to  the 
rules  laid  down  by  courts  of  common  law.  Arguments  will  be  made 
by  counsel  and  by  the  judge  advocate,  the  court  will  announce  its 
finding  of  facts  and  pronounce  sentence  thereon.  As  a  general  rule 
all  sentences  of  courts-martial  must  be  ratified  or  approved  by  the 
constituting  authority  before  the  same  can  be  carried  into  execution. 

READINGS 

A  Manual  for  Courts-Martial,  chaps,  v-xiii,  xvi. 
A.R.,  §§922-44,  955-59- 

\ 
QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  the  difference  between  arrest  and  confinement? 

2.  X,  an  officer,  is  charged  with  a  serious  offense  under  the 
Articles  of  War.     What  may  be  done  with  him  pending  the  trial? 
Is  the  same  true  of  a  soldier  or  other  person  subject  to  military  law  ? 


174  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

3.  Who  may  order  arrest?    How  is  arrest  executed? 

4.  Do  civil  authorities  have  jurisdiction  to  arrest  deserters  from 
military  service  ? 

5.  Who  may  initiate  charges  against  persons  subject  to  military 
law  ?     Who  may  prefer  them  ? 

6.  What  are  the  elements  of  a  charge  ? 

7.  What  are  the  rules  to  be  observed  in  drawing  up  formal 
charges  ? 

8.  What  are  the  steps  in  bringing  the  charges  before  the  proper 
court  for  action  ? 

9.  Outline  the  duties  of  the  judge  advocate. 

10.  X  is  to  be  brought  to  trial  before  a  general  court-martial. 
He  demands  the  right  to  employ  and  be  represented  by  civilian  coun- 
sel.    His  request  is  denied  and  he  is  convicted.     Comment  on  the 
proceedings. 

1 1 .  May  the  accused  challenge  members  of  the  court  which  is  to 
try  him  ?    If  so,  for  what  causes  ? 

12.  May   the   judge  advocate   challenge   members  of  a  court- 
martial  ? 

13.  Classify  and  define  the  various  pleas  which  the  accused  may 
interpose  to  the  charges. 

14.  A  deserts  in  time  of  war.    Ten  years  later  he  is  apprehended. 
May  he  be  tried  by  a  court-martial  ? 

15.  How  is  the  attendance  of  civilian  witnesses  secured? 

16.  What  are  depositions  ?    How  are  they  taken  and  under  what 
circumstances  may  they  be  used  ? 

17.  What  is  the  fundamental  theory  of  the  admissibility  of  any 
evidence  ? 

1 8.  What  is  the  difference  between  circumstantial  and  testimonial 
evidence  ? 

19.  What  is  hearsay  evidence  and  why  is  it  excluded  ?    Are  there 
any  exceptions  to  this  rule  ?    If  so,  why  are  they  made  ? 

20.  Under  what  circumstances  may  the  accused  be  punished  by 
confinement  in  a  penitentiary  ? 

21.  Under  what  circumstances  may  the  accused  be  punished  by 
death  ? 

22.  What  is  the  policy  of  the  War  Department  regarding  punish- 
ment? 

23.  When  does  the  sentence  of  a  court-martial  become  operative  ? 

24.  What  is  the  effect  of  disapproval  of  a  sentence  by  the  consti- 
tuting authority  ? 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  175 

5.  OFFENSES  WITHIN  THE  JURISDICTION  OF  MILITARY  TRIBUNALS. 

a)  Offenses  in  Connection  with  Enlistment,  Muster,  and  Returns. 

b)  Offenses  of  Desertion  and  Absence  without  Leave. 

c)  Offenses  of  Disrespect,  Insubordination,  and  Mutiny. 

d)  War  Offenses. 

e)  Miscellaneous  Offenses. 

Military  law,  as  has  been  observed  elsewhere,  is  purely  criminal  in 
its  nature.  All  non-criminal  controversies  are  left  to  the  civil  courts 
for  determination.  Consequently  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  the 
Articles  of  War  are  concerned  for  the  most  part  in  defining  the  various 
offenses  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  various  military  tribunals. 
To  a  considerable  extent  the  Articles  of  War  codify  the  common-law 
principles  relating  to  the  most  common  crimes  recognized  by  civil  courts, 
such  as  murder,  rape,  larceny,  etc.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are 
certain  crimes  and  offenses  punishable  by  courts-martial  peculiar  to 
military  law.  These  are  offenses  which,  in  the  nature  of  things,  do 
not  arise  except  in  connection  with  military  matters  or  in  times  of  war. 
Moreover,  in  some  respects  the  Articles  of  War  exact  a  higher  stand- 
ard of  conduct  from  persons  subject  to  military  law  than  the  criminal 
code  does  of  ordinary  citizens;  for  instance,  an  officer  may  be  punished 
by  a  court-martial  for  conduct  unbecoming  an  officer. 

READINGS 

A  Manual  for  Courts-Martial,  chap.  xvii. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  What  is  the  test  for  determining  whether  a  person  is  a  deserter 
or  is  merely  absent  without  leave  ? 

2.  Suppose  that  an  officer  expresses  adverse  criticism  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  in  emphatic  language  in  the  heat  of  a  politi- 
cal discussion.     Is  this  a  punishable  offense  ? 

3.  What  constitutes  disrespect  to  a  superior  officer? 

4.  Suppose  that  a  superior  officer  commands  X,  a  person  subject 
to  military  law,  to  shoot  Y,  a  deserter,  who  is  fleeing  down  a  crowded 
street.    X   obeys   and   kills  Z,   an   innocent  bystander.     Of   what 
offense,  if  any,  is  X  guilty  ? 

5.  When  is  an  officer  in  the  execution  of  his  office? 

6.  What  is  the  difference  between  mutiny  and  sedition?     What 
is  the  punishment  for  each  ? 

7.  Suppose  that  a  soldier  is  present  when  mutiny  or  sedition  is 
taking  place  and  does  nothing.     Is  he  guilty  of  any  offense  ? 


176  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

8.  Suppose  that  a  noncommissioned  officer  sees  superior  officers 
engaged  in  a  fray.     What  steps  may  he  take  to  placate  or  separate 
them? 

9.  What  is  the  difference  between  parole  and  countersign  ?    How 
may  the  improper  use  of  them  be  punished  ? 

10.  X,  a  soldier,  captures  several  rifles  and  later  sells  them.    Is 
he  guilty  of  any  offense  ? 

11.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  scout  and  a  spy?     May  a 
court-martial  try  either  or  both  ? 

12.  S,  a  soldier,  is  taken  prisoner  by  the  enemy.     He  is  tortured 
into  giving  information  as  to  the  position  of  our  forces.     Of  what 
offense,  if  any,  is  he  guilty  ? 

13.  S,  a  sentinel,  is  being  tried  for  having  been  found  asleep  at 
his  post  of  duty.    He  pleads  as  a  defense  that  he  has  been  previously 
overtaxed  by  excessive  guard  duty.     Does  this  constitute  a  defense  ? 

14.  A  commanding  officer  forbids  the  entry  in  his  camp  to  peddlers 
of  vegetables  unless  they  will  give  him  a  commission.     Comment  on 
such  conduct. 

15.  What  constitutes  conduct  unbecoming  an  officer  for  which  he 
may  be  punished  ? 

1 6.  Suppose  that  murder  or  rape  is  committed  by  a  soldier  in 
times  of  peace.     In  what  court  must  the  offender  be  tried  ? 

D.  Civilian  Employees. 

1.  General  Considerations. 

2.  Services  Secured  under  Civil  S.ervice  Regulations. 

3.  Services  Excepted  from  the  Operation  of  the  Civil  Service  Rules. 


i.  GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

a)  Policy  of  Engaging  Civilian  Employees. 

b)  Methods  of  Securing  Civilian  Employees. 

c)  Organization  of  the  Civil  Service  Department. 

The  members  of  the  army  are  trained  primarily  for  fighting  duties. 
But  there  are  many  services  to  be  performed  which  are  not  peculiar 
to  the  military  organization.  Many  of  these  services  are  performed 
by  enlisted  men,  but  there  are  other  services  which  are  left  to  civilians 
for  performance.  Provisions  must  exist,  therefore,  by  which  military 
authorities  may  secure  civilian  employees  when  needed.  This  class 
of  services  may  be  secured  under  the  civil  service  regulations,  and 
under  certain  circumstances  they  may  be  secured  without  reference 
to  the  civil  service  rules. 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN  177 

i 

READINGS 

U.S.   Civil  Service   Commission:    Civil  Service  Act,  Rules,  Statutes,  and 

Executive  Orders,  1917,  pp.  i-io. 
U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Regulations  for  the  Administration  of  the  Civil 

Service  in  the  Ordnance  Department,  Untied  States  Army,  Regulation  IIL_ 

A  restatement  of  so  much  of  the  material  in  the  Civil  Service  Act  as 

pertains  to  the  Ordnance  Department. 
Q.M.C.M.,  §§  173,  178. 

QUESTIONS 

1.  Why  is  it  ever  necessary  to  engage  civilian  employees  in  con- 
nection with  the  military  service  ?    How  is  one  to  determine  whether 
civilian  employees  may  be  engaged  ? 

2.  Suppose  that  there  are  enlisted  men  competent  to  perform 
classified  services.     Must  civilians  be  employed  nevertheless  ? 

3.  What  reasons  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Civil  Service  Act? 

4.  Discuss  the  organization  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  its 
powers  and  duties. 

5.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  central  board  of  the  Ordnance 
Department  ? 

6.  Discuss  the  organization  of  a  local  board,  its  powers  and 
duties. 

2.  SERVICES  SECURED  UNDER  CIVIL  SERVICE  REGULATIONS. 

a)  Classified  Services. 

b)  Unclassified  Services. 

Civilian  employees,  needed  in  connection  with  the  military  service, 
are  secured  for  the  most  part  under  the  civil  service  regulations. 
Services  are  classified  or  unclassified  according  to  their  nature. 
Examinations,  educational  or  non-educational,  competitive  or  non- 
competitive,  are  given  under  the  supervision  of  the  Civil  Service 
Commission  to  determine  the  fitness  of  applicants.  A  record  or 
register  of  eligible  applicants  is  kept  by  the  proper  authority  and  from 
this  jegister  appointments  are  made.  Appointing  officers  are  as  a 
rule  precluded  from  securing  civilian  employees  in  other  ways  when 
the  services  desired  are  within  the  operation  of  the  regulations  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

READINGS 

Civil  Service  Act,  pp.  34-71. 

U.S.  Ordnance  Department:  Regulations  for  the  Administration  of  the  Civil 

Service,  etc.,  Regulations  I-II,  XV-XVI. 
Q.M.C.M.,  §§  171-258. 
U.S.  Ordnance  Orders  No.  12,  1910:   Financial  Operations  of  the  Ordnance 

Department,  United  States  Army,  pp.  78-85. 


178  QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

QUESTIONS 

1.  X  desires  to  go  into  the  ordnance  service  as  a  civil  engineer. 
How  should  he  go  about  it  ? 

2.  Should  a  person  desiring  a  position  as  a  chauffeur  take  the 
same  steps  ? 

3.  Z  offers  his  services  gratuitously  to  the  proper  authority  at 
Rock  Island  Arsenal  in  order  to  obtain  the  necessary  knowledge  and 
skill  to  pass  an  examination.     May  his  services  be  accepted  ? 

4.  Assume  that  you  are  quartermaster  at  Fort  Morgan,  Alabama, 
and  that  during  the  period  from  January  i,  1917,  to  June  30,  1917,  a 
clerk  in  the  classified  service  was  absent  on  the  following  occasions: 
May   1-12,  on  annual  leave;    May  30-31,  absent  without  leave; 
June  1-6,  absent  because  of  sickness  accounted  for.     What  deduc- 
tions would  you  make  on  his  efficiency  report  under  "Attendance"  ? 

5.  Assume  that  you  are  quartermaster  at  Columbus  Barracks  and 
that  you  need  the  following  employees:  a  clerk,  an  inspector  of  shoes, 
a  warehouseman.    Upon  whom  would  you  call  for  a  list  of  eligibles 
from  which  to  fill  these  positions  ? 

6.  Suppose  that  a  list  was  certified  to  you.     What  possible  objec- 
tions could  you  make  to  the  applicants  therein  contained  ? 

7.  Suppose  that  you  decided  to  take  a  clerk  and  a  warehouseman. 
What  steps  would  be  necessary  in  order  to  complete  the  appointment  ? 

8.  An  applicant  has  successfully  passed  the  proper  examination 
and  has  been  placed  on  the  register  of  eligibles.    How  long  does  he 
continue  eligible  ? 

9.  Under  what  circumstances  may  non-competitive  examinations 
beheld? 

10.  What  is  meant  by  a  probational  appointment  and  when  is  it 
made  ?     Under  what  circumstances  may  temporary  appointments  be 
made? 

11.  J  has  been  a  clerk  under  classified  civil  service  in  an  ordnance 
establishment  from  September  i,  1916,  to  September  i,  1917.     Upon 
his  request  he  was  granted  a  five-day  leave  during  November  of  1916. 
Thereafter  the  commanding  officer  refused  to  grant  him  further  leave 
with  pay.     Is  the  refusal  legal  ? 

12.  What  qualifications  must  an  applicant  possess  before  he  may 
be  admitted  to  an  examination  for  a  position  under  the  civil  service 
regulations  ? 

13.  What  kind  of  an  examination  will  an  applicant  for  a  clerkship 
have  to  stand  ?     Will  an  applicant  for  a  position  as  an  electrician  be 
compelled  to  stand  the  same  kind  of  examination  ? 

14.  A  clerk  in  a  quartermaster  depot  was  granted  a  leave  of 
absence  for  three  months  without  pay.     Comment  on  the  regularity 
of  the  grant  of  leave. 


MILITARY  INFORMATION  FOR  SUPPLY  MEN          179 

15.  A  clerk  in  an  ordnance  depot  is  injured  in  the  course  of  his 
employment.     Is  he  entitled  to  compensation  from  the  government  ? 

1 6.  The  commanding  officer  of  an  ordnance  station  compels  his 
clerks  in  the  classified  service  to  work  nine  hours  a  day  during  an 
emergency  without  extra  compensation.     Comment  on  the  legality  of 
the  order. 

17.  Under  what  circumstances  may  promotions  be  made  in  the 
classified  civil  service?    In  what  ways  may  a  civilian  employee  be 
separated  from  the  service  ?      ' 

1 8.  What  procedure  is  necessary  in  case  an  employee  is  to  be 
removed  against  his  will  ? 

19.  What  is  a  "Report  of  Changes"?    What  data  must  it  con- 
tain ?    When  and  to  whom  must  it  be  made  ? 

20.  X  was  employed  under  the  classified  civil  service  as  a  drafts- 
man in  an  arsenal.    He  was  furloughed  for  lack  of  work.    Nine 
months  later  he  was  re-employed  without  examination  or  certificate 
from  the  Commission.     Comment  upon  the  regularity  of  his  re- 
employment. 

21.  How  is  the  Board  of  Labor  Employment  organized,  and  what 
are  its  duties  ? 

22.  What  is  the  essence  of  the  difference  between  classified  and 
unclassified  service  ?    Suppose  that  you  are  an  appointing  officer  and 
you  are  desirous  of  getting  a  certain  employee,  but  you  are  doubtful 
whether  the  services  desired  are  classified  or  unclassified.     How  would 
you  find  out  ?    What  difference  does  it  make  whether  the  services 
are  one  or  the  other  ? 

23.  What  are  the  tests  for  the  determination  of  eligibility  of 
applicants  in  the  unclassified  service  ? 

24.  T  was  appointed  to  a  position  without  a  non-competitive 
examination.    Later  he  was  transferred  to  a  competitive  position. 
Comment  on  the  regularity  of  the  transfer. 

3.  SERVICES  EXCEPTED  FROM  THE  OPERATION  OF  THE  CIVIL  SERVICE 
RULES. 

a)  General  Exceptions. 

b)  Special  Exceptions. 

Under  certain  circumstances  civilian  employees  may  be  engaged 
by  military  authorities  when  needed  without  regard  to  the  civil  service 
regulations.  These  services  are  excepted  usually  because  of  the  tem- 
porary or  unusual  character  of  the  work  to  be  done.  As  pointed  out 
in  another  connection,  civilian  services  for  the  most  part  are  secured 
under  civil  service  regulations. 


i8o          QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

READINGS 

Civil  Service  Act,  pp.  72-74. 

Financial  Operations  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  pp.  78-79. 

A.R.,  §§  727-39- 

QUESTIONS 

1 .  Z  is  awarded  a  contract  by  the  government  to  manufacture  ten 
thousand  pairs  of  army  shoes.     Is  the  award  to  him  without  a  com- 
petitive examination  contrary  to  the  rules  of  the  civil  service  ?     Are 
his  services  personal  or  non-personal  ?    What  difference  does  it  make 
whether  they  are  the  one  or  the  other  ? 

2.  The  commanding  officer  of  an  ordnance  station  needs  the  serv- 
ices of  an  expert  civil  engineer  for  about  two  weeks  for  a  special 
piece  of  work.     How  may  he  secure  such  services  ? 

3.  Who  makes  the  regulations  for  employees  not  secured  under 
civil  service  ? 


APPENDIX 

FORMS 

The  following  forms,  taken  in  connection  with  those  which  appear 
in  the  second  volume  of  the  Manual  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  will 
provide  an  opportunity  to  see  the  important  forms  used  in  the  paper- 
work of  Chapter  III. 

PAGE 

1.  Q.M.C.  246  Daily  Record  of  Issues  and  Transfers 182 

2.  Q.M.C.  247  Field  Receipt  for  Quartermaster  Supplies 183 

3.  A.G.O.  448  Memorandum  Receipt 184 

4.  A.G.O.  599  Property  Return 185 

5.  A.G.O.  600  Transfer  of  Property  : 186 

6.  A.G.O.  601  Certificate  of  Expenditure 188 

7.  A.G.O.  603  Due  Certificate , 191 

8.  O.D.  326  Allotment  Account 192 

9.  O.D.  386  Requisition  for  Organizations 194 

10.  O.D.        391     Requisition  for  Funds 196 

11.  O.D.          18     Semiannual  Return  of  Ordnance  and  Ordnance 

Stores 198 


181 


182  QUARTERMASTER  AND   ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Q.M.C.  Form  No.  246.  Sheet  No 

DAILY  RECORD  OF  ISSUES  AND  TRANSFERS 


vriaxcj 

bfiop            ( 

Quantity 

Unit 

Name  of  article,  quantity,  size,  etc. 

. 

' 

- 

APPENDIX 


183 


Q.M.C.  Form  No.  247. 

FIELD  RECEIPT  FOR  QUARTERMASTER  SUPPLIES 


RECEIVED  from 

for  use  of 

at.  . 


(Place)  (Date) 

(Accountable  officer) 
(Organization) 


191 


Quantity 


Articles 


(Signature  of  officer  receiving  supplies) 


(Signature  of  issuing  officer) 


[Three  copies  of  this  form  are  used.  The  instructions  on  the  back  read 
as  follows:] 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

When  used  by  quartermasters  on  the  line  of  communications  in  advance  of 
the  base  depot  this  copy  will  be  sent  at  the  first  opportunity  to  the  accountable 
officer.  When  used  by  quartermasters  in  charge  of  division  and  other  supply 
trains  or  by  regimental  or  other  supply  officers  this  copy  will  be  filed  as  a  voucher 
to  Field  Record  of  Quartermaster  Supplies  (Q.M.C.  Form  254). 


184          QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 

Form  No.  448,  A.G.O. 
(Authorized  April  12,  1917) 


MEMORANDUM  RECEIPT 


CREDIT 
DEBIT 


SLIP 


Turned  in  by  )  ' ' 


Fort..  .    Date 


QUARTERMASTER  (ORDNANCE)  (ENGINEER)  (SIGNAL)  PROPERTY 


(Strike  out  words  not  applicable) 


Received  the  above-named  articles. 


(Office) 


(Signed  in  duplicate') 


APPENDIX 
PROPERTY  RETURN 


185 


Form  No.  599,  A.G.O. 
(Authorized  April  12,  1917) 


VOUCHER 

DEBIT 
RECEIVED, 
TAKEN  UP, 
ETC. 

CREDIT 
ISSUED, 
TRANSFERRED, 
ETC. 

BALANCE 

ON 

HAND 

Date 

No. 

On  hand  from 
last  return 

. 

, 

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Description,  size,  etc. 


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1 86          QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


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, 

1 

APPENDIX 


191 


Form  No.  603,  A.G.O. 
(Authorized  April  12,  1917) 


DUE  CERTIFICATE 


,191 

(Place  and  date) 

List  of  articles  of  Equipment  "C"  due  the  unit  supply  officer  of 

(Organization) 

on    a    ,    used    as    a 

(Description  of  voucher) 

credit  voucher  to  the 

(Q.M.,  Ord.,  Engr.,  or  Signal) 

return   of ,   for   the   period 

(Accountable  officer) 

ended ,  191 . " . . 

QUANTITY  AUT-rr'TTrc  QUANTITY  BALANCE 

DUE  REPLACED  REMAINING  DUE 

CERTIFIED  CORRECT: 

(Signature  of  post  or  other  supply  officer) 

I  acknowledge  to  have  received  from 

the  articles  listed  above  in  column  "Quantity  Replaced"  and  a  new  Due  Certifi- 
cate for  those  in  column  "Balance  Remaining  Due." 

Place ' 

Date ,191  

Voucher  to  return  of Voucher  No. 

For  period  ending 

[BACK] 
INSTRUCTIONS 

1.  This  form  is  for  use  where  post  or  depot  supply  officers  are  unable  to 
replace  all  the  articles  of  Equipment  "C"  due  an  organization  on  some  authorized 
voucher  as  Statement  of  Charges,  Expenditure  Certificate,  Survey  Report,  I.  &  I. 
Report,  or  similar  voucher. 

2.  It  will  be  prepared  in  duplicate,  signed  as  indicated  by  the  post  or  other 
supply  officer,  the  shortage  in  whose  stores  available  for  issue  required  the  issue 
of  the  certificate,  and  turned  over  to  the  unit  supply  officer. 

3.  When  the  receipt  of  the  unit  supply  officer  is  completed  this  certificate 
becomes  a  valid  credit  voucher  for  articles  listed  in  column  "Quantity  Replaced." 

4.  If  more  than  one  sheet  is  used,  cut  off  the  bottom  of  all  except  the  last  sheet 
and  fasten  all  sheets  together. 

5.  Property  pertaining  to  one  department  only  will  be  entered  on  this  form. 


192 


QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


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APPENDIX 


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194          QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


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NUMBER  IN  ORGANIZATION  OR  DETACHMENT 

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Corporals  
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TOTAL  
Riding  horses  
Team  horses  

(7) 
APPROVED 

FOR  ISSUE 

BY  DEPT. 

rv«-, 

OFFICER 

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the  officer  signing  here  J 


EXAMINED  AND  APPROVED: 
.  .  .  Commanding  Post 

APPROVED: 

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NAMES  OF  ARTICLES 
jfcS^If  ammunition  or  guns  are  required,  give  the 
exact  caliber.  The  model  of  guns,  carriages,  caissons, 
small  arms,  range  finders,  or  other  instruments  should 
always  be  indicated  where  parts  are  required.  Use 
the  correct  names  of  stores  as  given  in  Ordnance  price 
lists  and  publications. 

Companies,  Infantry  
Troops,  Cavalry  
Batteries,  Artillery  

i 

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(Department  Ordnance  Officers  will  sign  their  approval  here, 
giving  station  and  date.)  (See  paragraph  1518,  A.R.  1913.) 

3  pi 

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MAXIMUM 

STOCK 

WORN  OUT 

3]MP 

APPENDIX  195 


FormTSk).  386,  O.D. 
[BACK] 

INSTRUCTIONS 

(Approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  August  9,  1915) 

1.  Under  (a)  will  be  given  the  proper  designation  of  the  organization  or  detachment  commander 
or  the  supply  officer  submitting  the  requisition,  as  "Post  Ordnance  Officer,  Ft.  Sheridan,"  etc.,  "Regi- 
mental Ordnance  Officer,  230!  Infantry,  Texas  City,"  or  "Ordnance  Officer,  ist  Squadron,  loth  Cavalry, 
Naco,"  etc.,  or  "Commanding  Officer,  Signal  Corps  Detachment,"  etc. 

2.  Under  (b)  the  supply  officer  should  give  a  summary  of  the  organization  with  whose  supply 
he  is  charged.     It  is  this  information  that  determines  primarily  the  stock  to  be  carried.     (Not  to  be 
filled  in  «^hen  requisition  is  submitted  by  an  organization  or  detachment  commander.) 

3.  Under  (c)  an  organization  or  detachment  commander,  not  accounting  for  property  under  the 
unit  accountability  system,  should  give  the  information  therein  called  for. 

4.  In  the  space  (d)  give  the  supply  period  for  the  data  given  in  columns  3  and  4.     Though  the 
supply  period  is  usually  six  months,  it  may  be  three  months  or  less,  depending  upon  the  storage  facilities 
and  other  factors,  as  explained  in  Ordnance  publications. 

5.  For  the  articles  requested  in  column  (i)  supply  officers  will  enter  the  quantity  on  hand  and 
available  for  issue  to  troops.     An  organization  or  detachment  submitting  a  requisition  will  state  in 
this  column  the  number  serviceable  on  hand. 

In  column  (2)  supply  officers  will  enter  the  maximum  stock  authorized  as  given  or  derived  from 
the  tables  published  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  if  a  maximum  stock  is  prescribed,  lining  out 
heading  "worn  out."  Organization  or  detachment  commanders  will  state  the  number  of  "worn  out" 
articles  on  hand,  lining  out  heading  "maximum  stock." 

In  column  (3)  supply  officers  will  enter  the  quantity  issued  or  called  for  but  not  issued  though 
authorized  (on  account  of  shortage,  etc.)  during  the  preceding  period  of  supply. 

In  column  (4)  supply  officers  will  enter  the  quantities  it  is  estimated  wUl  be  necessary  to  bring 
the  stock  on  hand  up  to  the  amounts  required  to  meet  the  issues  of  the  next  period  without  reducing 
the  stock  below  the  prescribed  minimum.  Organization  or  detachment  commanders  will  give  the 
stores  "now  needed." 

In  column  (5)  give  the  correct  name  of  the  articles  as  given  in  the  Unit  Accountability  Equip- 
ment Manuals,  Price  Lists,  and  other  Ordnance  publications.  Care  should  be  taken  to  show  the 
exact  model  of  the  article  required.  If  required  for  artillery,  the  caliber  and  model  of  gun  or  vehicle 
for  which  the  spare  part  or  equipment  is  required  should  be  entered.  If  articles  are  issued  in  pairs, 
entry  showing  whether  right  or  left  should  be  made.  Much  confusion  and  delay  result  from  failure 
to  follow  these  instructions. 

In  column  (6)  state  briefly  the  explanation  for  any  unusual  request,  such  as  when  the  sum  of  the 
columns  (i)  and  (4)  exceed  column  (2)  or  when  articles  are  required  which  are  not  given  on  the  general 
supply  tables,  such  as  "Arm  repair  chest  lid,  without  metal  parts."  . 

Column  (7)  is  self-explanatory. 

In  columns  (8)  and  (9)  are  entered  the  quantities  issued  from  the  arsenals  or  Ordnance  establish- 
ments of  issue.  In  case  of  requisitions  from  organizations  or  detachments  the  ordnance  supply  officer 
will  enter  in  column  (8)  the  articles  issued  by  him. 

6.  When  unusual  requests  are  made  for  arms  or  stores  not  on  the  ordnance  supply  lists  for  the 
organizations  to  be  supplied,  or  when  submitted  at  times  other  than  the  regular  supply  period  for 
articles  immediately  required,  separate  requisitions  will  be  made,  the  word  "Regular    lined  out  and 
a  letter  forwarded  explaining  the  necessity  for  issue. 

7.  Supply  tables  may  be  obtained  from  the  Department  Ordnance  Officer.    Descriptive  pam- 
phlets of  ordnance  property  are  obtained  direct  from  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.     Requisitions  for  various 
blank  forms  should  be  made  direct  to  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  (see  par.  91,  Ordnance  Property 
Regulations  of  1909). 


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APPENDIX 


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198          QUARTERMASTER  AND  ORDNANCE  SUPPLY 


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On  line  A  under  each  heading  enter  the  number  of  the  articles  remaining  on  hand  which  are  serviceable,  and  on  line  B  the  number  unserviceable 
[In  the  original,  this  form  has  lines  across  the  page  also] 

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STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


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